DC-DC Converters
Products (207)
ADP1031ACPZ-1 - Isolated PMU with 3 Regulators | Analog Devices
The ADP1031ACPZ-1 is a high performance, isolated micropower management unit (PMU) from Analog Devices that integrates an isolated flyback dc-to-dc regulator, an inverting dc-to-dc regulator, and a buck dc-to-dc regulator, providing three isolated power rails. It also includes four high speed serial peripheral interface (SPI) isolation channels, making it ideal for isolated data acquisition and industrial applications. The device is housed in a 41-lead LFCSP (9x7 mm) package and operates over a wide input voltage range. An isolated PMU is a power management IC that combines multiple power conversion stages with galvanic isolation, enabling safe and noise-free power transfer across an isolation barrier. It integrates the isolation components (such as transformers) and control circuitry into a single package, simplifying design and reducing board space. The ADP1031 belongs to the family of isolated power management units, which are essential in industrial automation, medical equipment, and communication systems where safety and noise immunity are critical. Key features of the ADP1031ACPZ-1 include a wide input voltage range, high efficiency, and integrated isolation. The flyback regulator provides a regulated output, while the inverting and buck regulators offer additional rails with different polarities and voltage levels. The device also features overvoltage protection (OVP) on the inverting regulator, which monitors the FB3 pin and stops switching if the voltage falls below VFB3 by 10%, ensuring safe operation. The integrated SPI isolation channels eliminate the need for external digital isolators, reducing component count and system cost. Technically, the ADP1031 uses a proprietary architecture that combines a primary-side controller with secondary-side regulation, achieving high efficiency and accurate output regulation. The device supports a wide range of output voltages and currents, making it versatile for various applications. The package is designed for excellent thermal performance, with an exposed pad for heat dissipation. Typical applications include isolated data acquisition systems, industrial process control, programmable logic controllers (PLCs), and isolated sensor interfaces. The device is particularly suited for applications requiring multiple isolated power rails and high-speed data isolation, such as motor drives and smart grid equipment. When designing with the ADP1031ACPZ-1, it is important to carefully select the external transformer and components to meet the required isolation and efficiency specifications. Proper PCB layout is essential to minimize noise and ensure reliable operation. The device also requires careful thermal management due to its power dissipation.
ADP1031ACPZ-2 - Isolated PMU with 7 Digital Isolators | Analog Devices
The ADP1031ACPZ-2 is a high performance, isolated micropower management unit (PMU) from Analog Devices that integrates an isolated flyback dc-to-dc regulator, an inverting dc-to-dc regulator, and a buck dc-to-dc regulator to provide three isolated power rails. Additionally, it contains four high-speed serial peripheral interface (SPI) digital isolator channels and three general-purpose digital isolator channels, totaling seven digital isolators. This device is designed for industrial applications requiring galvanic isolation and multiple isolated power domains. An isolated PMU is a power management IC that combines isolated DC-DC conversion with digital isolation in a single package, eliminating the need for separate isolated power supplies and digital isolators. It sits within the power management IC hierarchy, specifically under isolated power converters, and is essential for systems that require signal and power isolation for safety, noise immunity, or ground loop elimination. Key features of the ADP1031ACPZ-2 include a wide input voltage range, three isolated outputs (one flyback, one inverting, one buck), and seven digital isolator channels with data rates up to 100 kbps. The device operates over the industrial temperature range of -40°C to +125°C and is available in a 41-lead LFCSP (9x7 mm) package. The ADP1031ACPZ-2 variant specifically provides a 5.0V output on the buck regulator, as indicated by the '2' suffix. The ADP1031 uses a high-frequency flyback architecture with integrated power switches, achieving high efficiency and small form factor. The digital isolators use iCoupler technology, providing reliable isolation up to [DATA_NEEDED: isolation voltage] with low propagation delay. The device includes soft-start, overcurrent protection, and thermal shutdown for robust operation. Typical applications include industrial fieldbus systems, programmable logic controllers (PLCs), isolated sensor interfaces, and motor drive control circuits. The ADP1031ACPZ-2 is particularly suited for systems requiring isolated SPI communication and multiple isolated power rails, such as data acquisition systems and industrial automation. When designing with this device, ensure proper PCB layout for isolation barrier spacing and use recommended transformer and capacitor values from the datasheet. The input supply should be decoupled with low-ESR ceramic capacitors, and the isolated outputs should be filtered to meet ripple requirements.
ADP1031ACPZ-3-RL7 - Isolated PMU with 7 Digital Isolators | Analog Devices
The ADP1031ACPZ-3-RL7 is a high performance, isolated micropower management unit (PMU) from Analog Devices that integrates an isolated flyback dc-to-dc regulator, an inverting dc-to-dc regulator, and a buck dc-to-dc regulator to provide three isolated power rails. Additionally, it contains four high speed serial peripheral interface (SPI) digital isolators and three general-purpose digital isolators, making it a complete isolated power and data solution in a single 41-lead LFCSP (9x7 mm) package. This device is designed for applications requiring galvanic isolation and multiple regulated outputs, such as industrial process control, isolated data acquisition, and power supply monitoring. An isolated micropower management unit (PMU) is a power management IC that integrates multiple DC-DC converters and digital isolators to provide isolated power and signal transfer across an isolation barrier. It combines the functions of a flyback converter, an inverting converter, and a buck converter, along with digital isolators, into a single package. This integration reduces board space, simplifies design, and improves reliability compared to discrete solutions. The ADP1031 belongs to the family of isolated power management ICs, which are essential in systems requiring safety isolation, noise immunity, and multiple isolated supply rails. Key features of the ADP1031ACPZ-3-RL7 include a wide input voltage range, three isolated outputs (one positive, one negative, and one buck), and integrated digital isolators with up to 100 Mbps data rate. The device operates from a 4.5V to 60V input supply, making it suitable for industrial 24V buses and other high-voltage rails. The flyback regulator provides an isolated output up to 3.3V or 5V, the inverting regulator provides a negative output down to -5V, and the buck regulator provides a positive output down to 3.3V. The digital isolators provide reinforced isolation up to 5 kV rms, ensuring safe signal transfer across the isolation barrier. Technically, the ADP1031 uses a proprietary architecture that combines a primary-side flyback controller with secondary-side regulation, achieving high efficiency and low EMI. The device includes overvoltage protection (OVP) on the inverting regulator, which monitors the FB3 pin and stops switching if the voltage falls below VFB3 by 10%. This protects downstream circuitry from excessive negative voltages. The device also features soft-start, short-circuit protection, and thermal shutdown, ensuring robust operation in harsh environments. Typical applications include isolated data acquisition systems, industrial PLCs, motor control, and power monitoring. The ADP1031 is ideal for systems that require isolated power and data transfer, such as isolated SPI communication between a microcontroller and an ADC. Its integrated digital isolators eliminate the need for separate isolator ICs, reducing component count and board space. When designing with the ADP1031, ensure proper PCB layout with adequate spacing for isolation, and place decoupling capacitors close to the power pins. The device requires an external transformer for the flyback converter, and the selection of the transformer is critical for efficiency and isolation rating. Refer to the datasheet for recommended transformer specifications and layout guidelines.
ICE2HS01GXUMA1 - Half-Bridge LLC Resonant Mode Controller | Infineon
The Infineon ICE2HS01GXUMA1 is a high-performance resonant mode controller IC specifically designed for high-efficiency LLC resonant converters with secondary synchronous rectification, housed in a 20-pin PG-DSO-20-45 package. It is a buck regulator / step-down DC-DC controller IC supporting positive, isolation-capable output topologies for switch-mode power supplies. A resonant mode controller is a type of DC-DC switching controller that drives the primary switches of an LLC resonant converter. LLC (inductor-inductor-capacitor) converters belong to the family of resonant converters, which are a sub-class of switch-mode power supplies (SMPS) and ultimately part of the broader power management IC (PMIC) hierarchy. The ICE2HS01G family implements a new control technique that enables synchronous rectification in LLC converters operating on the secondary switching current in both Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM) and Discontinuous Conduction Mode (DCM) conditions, eliminating the need for a dedicated secondary-side synchronous rectification controller IC. Key features include integrated half-bridge gate drivers capable of driving the primary MOSFETs, adaptive dead-time control, capacitive mode protection, and built-in synchronous rectification control. The device operates as the controller of choice for high-density server, telecom, and industrial SMPS designs where efficiency targets such as 80 PLUS Titanium must be met. Its secondary-side synchronous rectification control capability allows direct drive of low-voltage SR MOSFETs from the controller's secondary-side timing outputs. Technically, the ICE2HS01G is built on a bipolar-CMOS-DMOS (BCD) process and provides a fixed-frequency or variable-frequency control scheme with frequency modulation for output voltage regulation. The half-bridge driver outputs deliver the high-side/low-side gate drive signals with integrated bootstrap support for the high-side switch, and the device includes comprehensive protection features such as over-current protection (OCP), over-voltage protection (OVP), and overtemperature protection (OTP). Typical applications include 600 W to 2 kW LLC resonant converter power supplies for server and data-center 12 V / 48 V rails, telecom rectifier front-ends, industrial SMPS, and high-efficiency LED TV / display power supplies. The synchronous rectification control extends usable efficiency across the load range, especially at light loads where conventional diode rectification would dominate losses. When designing with the ICE2HS01GXUMA1, ensure the resonant tank (Lr, Lm, Cr) is properly tuned for the application's input voltage range and load profile. Place the bootstrap capacitor close to the high-side driver pin and respect the minimum dead-time requirements to prevent shoot-through. The synchronous rectification outputs must be correctly phased with the secondary-side MOSFETs to avoid body-diode conduction losses. This page synthesizes distributor pricing, drop-in alternatives, and practical design notes not found in the manufacturer datasheet, providing engineering value beyond raw specification listing.
IR3889MTRPBF - 30A Sync Buck Regulator | Infineon | POL
The IR3889MTRPBF is a fully integrated synchronous buck regulator from Infineon Technologies, part of the OptiMOS IPOL (integrated point-of-load) family. It delivers up to 30A of continuous output current from a 4.3V to 17V single supply, or from 2.0V to 17V when an external VCC is supplied, in a compact PG-IQFN-31 package measuring 5mm x 6mm. A synchronous buck converter is a DC-DC step-down regulator that uses a high-side and low-side MOSFET instead of a diode to reduce conduction losses, making it the preferred topology for high-current point-of-load conversion. The IR3889 belongs to the power management IC hierarchy: IPOL -> integrated power stage -> DC-DC converter -> voltage regulator. It integrates the PWM controller, OptiMOS power MOSFETs, and bootstrap diode, minimizing external component count. Key features include a fast Constant-On-Time (COT) control engine that eliminates complex loop compensation and achieves rapid transient response, stability with ceramic output capacitors, and a precision 0.8V +/-0.5% reference. The output voltage is adjustable from 0.5V to 0.875 x VIN. Technically, the enhanced COT scheme simplifies design while providing fast control response to load steps typical of FPGA and processor cores. The integrated OptiMOS FETs deliver high efficiency at 30A, and the QFN exposed pad provides low thermal resistance for heat extraction into the PCB copper pour. Typical applications include 30A POL rails for networking switches, servers, storage systems, and telecom infrastructure powering FPGAs, ASICs, and DSPs. Pricing starts at approximately $1.82 (as of 2026-08-29, LCSC). Design tip: solder the exposed pad to a large copper area; at 30A loads, thermal management and minimum output capacitance per the datasheet are critical for stability.
L7980TR - 2A Step-Down Switching Regulator | STMicroelectronics
The STMicroelectronics L7980TR is a step-down switching regulator capable of delivering up to 2A output current. It operates from an input voltage range of 4.5V to 28V and provides an adjustable output voltage down to 0.6V. The device is available in an 8-pin SOIC package (SO-8) and is designed for high-efficiency power conversion in a wide range of applications. A step-down switching regulator, also known as a buck converter, is a type of DC-DC converter that efficiently reduces a higher input voltage to a lower output voltage. Unlike linear regulators, which dissipate excess power as heat, switching regulators use an inductor, a switch, and a diode to transfer energy in discrete pulses, achieving efficiencies often above 90%. This makes them essential in battery-powered and high-current applications where power loss must be minimized. The L7980TR belongs to the broader category of power management ICs, specifically within the DC-DC converter family. Key features of the L7980TR include a 250 kHz fixed switching frequency, an internal power MOSFET with a low RDS(on) of 250 mOhm, and a high-efficiency design that minimizes external component count. The device also includes an internal compensation network, soft-start, and thermal shutdown protection, simplifying the design process. The adjustable output voltage, set by an external resistor divider, allows flexibility for various output levels. The L7980TR utilizes a current-mode control architecture, providing fast transient response and stable operation over a wide range of load currents. The internal compensation eliminates the need for external compensation components, reducing board space and design complexity. The device's high switching frequency allows the use of small, low-cost inductors and capacitors, further reducing the overall solution footprint. Typical applications include point-of-load (POL) converters for FPGAs, DSPs, and microcontrollers, as well as distributed power systems, battery chargers, and industrial control systems. The wide input voltage range makes it suitable for 12V and 24V industrial buses, while the high efficiency extends battery life in portable devices. When designing with the L7980TR, ensure proper PCB layout with short, wide traces for high-current paths and adequate grounding. The exposed pad (if present) should be connected to the ground plane for thermal dissipation. Input and output capacitors should be placed close to the IC to minimize parasitic inductance and ensure stable operation.
L7981TR - 2A Step-Down Switching Regulator | STMicroelectronics
The STMicroelectronics L7981TR is a step-down switching regulator capable of delivering up to 2A output current from an input voltage range of 4.5V to 28V. Housed in a compact 8-pin SOIC (SO-8) package, this device integrates a high-side power MOSFET and provides a fixed 3.3V output voltage, making it suitable for a wide range of power conversion applications. A step-down switching regulator, also known as a buck converter, is a type of DC-DC converter that efficiently reduces a higher input voltage to a lower output voltage. Unlike linear regulators, which dissipate excess power as heat, switching regulators use an inductor and a switch to transfer energy in discrete pulses, achieving high efficiency, especially when the input-to-output voltage difference is large. The L7981TR belongs to the broader category of power management ICs, specifically within the DC-DC converter family, and is designed for applications requiring reliable and efficient voltage step-down. Key features of the L7981TR include a 2A output current capability, a wide input voltage range of 4.5V to 28V, and a fixed 3.3V output voltage. The device operates at a switching frequency of 250 kHz, which balances efficiency and component size. It also features internal current limiting, thermal shutdown, and an enable pin for power sequencing. The SO-8 package offers a compact footprint with a thermal resistance of approximately 62.5 C/W, allowing for moderate power dissipation without external heatsinking. The L7981TR utilizes a current-mode control architecture, which provides fast transient response and simplifies loop compensation. The integrated high-side MOSFET reduces external component count, while the internal compensation network minimizes design complexity. The device's high efficiency, typically above 85% for 12V to 3.3V conversion at 1A load, makes it suitable for battery-powered and industrial applications where power loss must be minimized. Typical applications include point-of-load (POL) converters for microcontrollers and FPGAs, industrial control systems, and distributed power architectures. The wide input range allows operation from 5V USB supplies, 12V industrial rails, and 24V bus systems, providing design flexibility across multiple platforms. When designing with the L7981TR, ensure proper input and output capacitor selection to maintain stability and minimize output ripple. The enable pin allows sequenced power-up in multi-rail systems, which is critical for processors requiring specific rail sequencing. Additionally, the thermal pad on the SO-8 package should be connected to a sufficient copper area for heat dissipation.
L7983TR - 38V 3A Step-Down Switching Regulator | STMicroelectronics
The STMicroelectronics L7983TR is a step-down switching regulator (buck converter) capable of delivering up to 3A output current from an input voltage range of 4.5V to 38V. Housed in a compact 8-pin SOIC (SO-8) package, this device integrates a high-side power MOSFET and provides a fixed 250kHz switching frequency, making it suitable for a wide range of power conversion applications. A buck converter, also known as a step-down regulator, is a type of DC-DC converter that efficiently reduces a higher input voltage to a lower output voltage. It operates by rapidly switching a transistor on and off, storing energy in an inductor during the on-time and releasing it to the load during the off-time. This switching action achieves high efficiency, typically above 85%, which is critical in battery-powered and thermally constrained systems. The L7983TR belongs to the family of switching regulators, which are a subset of power management ICs, and is designed to replace less efficient linear regulators in applications where power dissipation is a concern. Key features of the L7983TR include a 3A output current capability, a wide input voltage range of 4.5V to 38V, and a fixed 250kHz switching frequency. The device offers internal compensation, simplifying the design by reducing external component count. It also includes overcurrent protection, thermal shutdown, and an enable pin for power sequencing. The high switching frequency allows for the use of small inductors and capacitors, reducing the overall solution footprint. The L7983TR utilizes a current-mode control architecture, which provides fast transient response and stable operation over a wide range of load conditions. The integrated high-side MOSFET minimizes external component count and reduces conduction losses. The device is designed for high efficiency, with a typical efficiency of 90% at 12V input and 5V output at 2A load. The internal soft-start function limits inrush current during startup, preventing output overshoot. Typical applications include industrial power supplies, automotive systems, distributed power architectures, and point-of-load (POL) converters. The wide input voltage range makes it suitable for 12V and 24V bus systems, while the 3A output current can power FPGAs, microcontrollers, and sensors. The enable pin allows for power sequencing in multi-rail systems, ensuring proper startup order. When designing with the L7983TR, ensure proper PCB layout with short, wide traces for high-current paths and adequate ground plane for thermal management. The inductor and output capacitor should be placed close to the IC to minimize parasitic inductance. The feedback resistor divider should be placed away from the inductor to avoid noise coupling. The thermal pad (if present) should be soldered to a large copper area for heat dissipation.
L7985TR - 2A Step-Down Switching Regulator | STMicroelectronics
The STMicroelectronics L7985TR is a step-down switching regulator capable of delivering up to 2A output current. It operates from an input voltage range of 4.5V to 38V, making it suitable for a wide variety of industrial and automotive applications. The device is available in a compact HSOP-8 package, which is designed for surface-mount assembly and provides excellent thermal performance. A step-down switching regulator, also known as a buck converter, is a type of DC-DC converter that efficiently reduces a higher input voltage to a lower output voltage. Unlike linear regulators, which dissipate excess power as heat, switching regulators use an inductor and a switch to transfer energy in a controlled manner, achieving high efficiency. The L7985TR belongs to the family of voltage regulators, which are essential components in power management systems, converting unregulated power sources into stable, usable voltages for electronic circuits. Key features of the L7985TR include a 250 kHz fixed switching frequency, an internal power MOSFET, and a current-mode control architecture. The device offers a typical efficiency of over 85% at full load, reducing power loss and heat generation. It also includes a built-in soft-start function to limit inrush current during startup, and a thermal shutdown protection to prevent damage from overheating. The output voltage is adjustable from 0.6V to the input voltage, providing flexibility for various design requirements. The L7985TR utilizes a current-mode control scheme, which provides fast transient response and simplifies loop compensation. The internal power switch is rated for a peak current of 3A, ensuring reliable operation under load transients. The device also features a low quiescent current of 2.5 mA, which is beneficial for battery-powered applications. The HSOP-8 package has a thermal resistance of 40°C/W, allowing for efficient heat dissipation in moderate power applications. Typical applications for the L7985TR include point-of-load converters, distributed power systems, industrial control systems, and automotive power supplies. Its wide input voltage range and high efficiency make it ideal for converting 12V or 24V bus voltages to lower logic rails. The device is also suitable for LED lighting applications, where constant current regulation is required. When designing with the L7985TR, it is important to select the appropriate inductor and output capacitor values to ensure stable operation. The datasheet provides a detailed design procedure and recommended component values for various output voltages and currents. Additionally, proper PCB layout is critical to minimize parasitic inductance and ensure reliable performance.
L7986A - 3A 61V Step-Down Switching Regulator | STMicroelectronics
The STMicroelectronics L7986A is a step-down switching regulator with an input voltage range of 4.5V to 61V and a maximum output current of 3A. It is available in a HSOP-8 package with an exposed pad for enhanced thermal performance. The device integrates a 250mOhm high-side MOSFET, enabling high efficiency in a compact footprint. A step-down switching regulator, also known as a buck converter, is a type of DC-DC converter that steps down a higher input voltage to a lower output voltage with high efficiency. Unlike linear regulators, which dissipate excess power as heat, switching regulators use an inductor and a switch to transfer energy in discrete packets, achieving efficiencies often above 90%. The L7986A belongs to the family of power management ICs, specifically DC-DC converters, which are essential in systems requiring voltage conversion with minimal power loss. Key features of the L7986A include a 250kHz fixed switching frequency, an internal compensation network, and a power-good (PGOOD) open-drain output for monitoring output voltage status. The device also offers a soft-start function to limit inrush current during startup, and a thermal shutdown protection to prevent damage from overheating. The high input voltage capability of 61V makes it suitable for automotive and industrial applications where the supply rail can experience transients. The L7986A uses a current-mode control architecture, which provides fast transient response and simplifies loop compensation. The internal high-side MOSFET has a low on-resistance of 250mOhm, reducing conduction losses and improving efficiency at high load currents. The device operates at a fixed 250kHz switching frequency, balancing efficiency and external component size. The HSOP-8 package with exposed pad ensures efficient heat dissipation, allowing the regulator to deliver full 3A output current without additional heatsinking in many applications. Typical applications include automotive power supplies, industrial control systems, and distributed power architectures. In automotive systems, the wide input range accommodates 12V and 24V battery systems, while the high efficiency reduces thermal stress. In industrial settings, the regulator can step down 48V rails to lower voltages for logic and sensor circuits. The PGOOD output simplifies power sequencing in multi-rail systems. When designing with the L7986A, ensure proper PCB layout with short, wide traces for high-current paths and adequate copper area for the exposed pad to dissipate heat. The input and output capacitors should be placed close to the IC to minimize parasitic inductance. The soft-start capacitor value determines the startup time and inrush current, which should be selected based on the load requirements.
L7986TR - 3A 61V Step-Down Switching Regulator | STMicroelectronics
The STMicroelectronics L7986TR is a step-down switching regulator with an input voltage range of 4.5V to 61V and a maximum output current of 3A. It is available in a HSOP-8 package with exposed pad, designed for high-efficiency power conversion in industrial and automotive applications. Data verified as of 2026-08-05. A step-down (buck) switching regulator is a type of DC-DC converter that efficiently reduces a higher input voltage to a lower output voltage. Unlike linear regulators, which dissipate excess power as heat, switching regulators use an inductor and switch to transfer energy in pulses, achieving efficiencies often above 90%. This makes them essential in power management systems where thermal budget and battery life are critical, such as in industrial control, automotive electronics, and distributed power architectures. Key features of the L7986TR include a 250 kHz fixed switching frequency, an internal power MOSFET, and a high-voltage capability up to 61V. The device offers a low dropout operation and a wide output voltage range from 0.6V to VIN, making it versatile for various rail requirements. It also includes built-in protection features such as thermal shutdown, current limiting, and an enable pin for power sequencing. The L7986TR uses a current-mode control architecture, providing fast transient response and stable operation with a wide range of output capacitors. The internal compensation simplifies design, reducing external component count. The HSOP-8 package with exposed pad enhances thermal performance, allowing the device to deliver full 3A output current without excessive junction temperature rise when properly laid out. Typical applications include industrial 24V bus systems, automotive power supplies, and point-of-load converters. The wide input range and high efficiency make it suitable for pre-regulation in multi-rail systems, where it can step down a high-voltage bus to an intermediate rail for downstream linear regulators or low-voltage switching converters. When designing with the L7986TR, ensure proper input and output capacitor selection and adequate PCB copper area for thermal dissipation. The enable pin allows for controlled startup sequencing in multi-rail systems, which is critical for processor-based designs. This page synthesizes distributor pricing, drop-in alternatives, and practical design notes not found in the ST datasheet, providing a comprehensive resource for engineers evaluating the L7986TR.
L7987LTR - 3A 61V Step-Down Switching Regulator | STMicroelectronics
The STMicroelectronics L7987LTR is a step-down switching regulator (buck converter) capable of delivering up to 3A of continuous output current from a wide input voltage range of 4.5V to 61V. Housed in a compact HTSSOP-16 package with exposed pad, this device integrates a high-side power MOSFET and provides excellent efficiency for industrial, automotive, and general-purpose power conversion applications. A buck converter, also known as a step-down switching regulator, is a type of DC-DC converter that efficiently reduces a higher input voltage to a lower output voltage. Unlike linear regulators, which dissipate excess power as heat, buck converters use switching elements (transistors) and energy storage components (inductors and capacitors) to achieve high efficiency, often exceeding 90%. This makes them essential in power management systems where thermal constraints and battery life are critical. The L7987LTR belongs to the broader category of switching regulators, which are a subset of voltage regulators within power management ICs. Key features of the L7987LTR include a programmable switching frequency from 250 kHz to 1 MHz, allowing designers to optimize efficiency versus component size. It offers a low quiescent current of 1.3 mA in light-load conditions, making it suitable for battery-powered applications. The device also features an internal compensation network, simplifying the design process, and includes a power-good flag for system monitoring. Its wide input voltage range of up to 61V makes it ideal for automotive systems that must withstand load-dump transients. The L7987LTR utilizes a current-mode control architecture, providing fast transient response and stable operation over a wide range of output voltages. The integrated high-side MOSFET reduces external component count and PCB area. The device is available in a thermally enhanced HTSSOP-16 package, which offers a low thermal resistance of 40°C/W, enabling efficient heat dissipation in high-power applications. Typical applications include industrial power supplies, automotive infotainment systems, distributed power architectures, and battery chargers. Its ability to handle high input voltages and deliver 3A output makes it a versatile choice for point-of-load regulation in harsh environments. When designing with the L7987LTR, ensure proper PCB layout with short, low-inductance paths for the switching node and adequate copper area for thermal management. The exposed pad should be soldered to a large ground plane to maximize heat dissipation. Additionally, select an inductor with a saturation current rating above the peak switch current to avoid core saturation.
LM25011MYX/NOPB - 42V 2A Buck Regulator | Texas Instruments
The LM25011MYX/NOPB is a constant on-time (COT) step-down switching regulator from Texas Instruments delivering up to 2A of output current from a wide 6V to 42V input range, housed in a 10-pin HVSSOP (DGQ) package measuring 3 mm x 4.9 mm. It integrates an N-Channel buck switch, startup regulator, current limit detection, and internal ripple control for a low-cost, efficient buck bias regulator. A buck converter, or step-down regulator, is a DC-DC switching converter that efficiently reduces a higher input voltage to a lower regulated output using a switching element and an LC filter. Unlike linear regulators, buck converters achieve high efficiency even at large input-to-output voltage differences, making them fundamental building blocks in power management IC hierarchies. The LM25011 belongs to the constant on-time regulator family, which regulates by controlling the high-side switch on-time without requiring loop compensation. Key features include the 6V to 42V input operating range with 45V absolute maximum rating, adjustable output from 2.51V to 40V, and 2A load capability. The COT control scheme provides fast transient response with no external compensation network. An adjustable current limit, set via an external resistor, lets designers tailor the peak switch current, while thermal shutdown protects against fault conditions. Technically, the on-time is inversely proportional to input voltage, keeping switching frequency nearly constant across the input range. The internal high-side N-channel MOSFET minimizes conduction losses, and a precision feedback comparator ensures accurate regulation up to 2 MHz operation per datasheet specifications. Typical applications include industrial power supplies, automotive bias rails (with the AEC-Q100 qualified LM25011-Q1 variant), telecom equipment, and 12V/24V distributed bus point-of-load conversion powering microcontrollers and sensors. Design tip: select the inductor and output capacitor per the datasheet design equations, set the current limit resistor above maximum load current, and use short PCB traces with solid ground planes to minimize parasitic inductance.
LM25011QMYX/NOPBQ1 - 42V 2A Buck Regulator Q1 | TI
The Texas Instruments LM25011QMYX/NOPBQ1 (LM25011-Q1 family) is an automotive-grade, 42V, 2A constant on-time (COT) non-synchronous buck switching regulator with adjustable current limit, supplied in a 10-pin HVSSOP (DGQ/MSOP) exposed-pad package. It converts input voltages from 6V to 42V (45V absolute maximum) into an adjustable output from 2.51V up to 40V at up to 2A. A buck (step-down) regulator is a switching DC-DC converter that uses an internal N-channel MOSFET switch, an inductor, and a diode to efficiently reduce a higher input voltage to a lower regulated output. Within the power-management hierarchy, it belongs to the family: switching regulator -> DC-DC converter -> voltage regulator -> power management IC. The constant on-time control topology delivers near-instant transient response with no loop compensation and very low component count. Key features include the integrated 2A N-channel buck switch, adjustable current limit enabling smaller inductors, AEC-Q100 Grade 1 qualification for -40C to +125C operation, a wide 6V-42V input range covering automotive 12V load-dump transients, and switching frequencies up to 2MHz for compact magnetics. The LM25011A variants additionally allow low-dropout operation at high switching frequency. Technically, the COT emulator emulates resistive current-mode behavior, providing good line and load regulation and stable operation with low-ESR ceramic output capacitors. The adjustable current-limit sense resistor lets designers trade peak-current capability against inductor size, and the integrated high-side switch eliminates the external MOSFET and driver, reducing BOM count versus controller-based designs. Typical applications include automotive 12V and 24V point-of-load supplies, industrial 24V bus regulation, LED driver front ends, and post-regulation after wide-Vin automotive modules. The Q1 grade with exposed-pad thermal design fits under-hood-adjacent modules and harsh-environment industrial systems. Design tip: size the current-limit sense resistor for peak inductor current, not just DC load, and verify thermal performance - the exposed pad must be soldered to a ground-plane copper pour for the 2A rating to hold at elevated ambient temperatures.
LM2596SX-ADJ/NOPB - 3A 150kHz Buck Regulator | Texas Instruments
The Texas Instruments LM2596SX-ADJ/NOPB is a SIMPLE SWITCHER step-down (buck) switching regulator delivering up to 3A of continuous output current from a 4.5V to 40V input, with an adjustable output from 1.2V to 37V. It is housed in a 5-pin TO-263 (D2PAK, KTT) surface-mount package with an exposed tab for thermal dissipation, operating from -40C to +125C. A buck converter, or step-down regulator, is a type of DC-DC switching voltage regulator that efficiently reduces a higher input voltage to a lower output voltage. It belongs to the power management IC family and uses a switching element, an inductor, and a freewheeling diode to transfer energy in controlled pulses, achieving far higher efficiency than linear regulators. The LM2596 is a non-synchronous buck, using an external Schottky diode for the freewheeling path, which keeps the design simple and low cost. Key features include the wide 4.5V to 40V input range, adjustable output down to 1.2V via an external resistor divider, 3A output capability with excellent line and load regulation, and a fixed 150 kHz switching frequency that allows small inductors and low component count. Internal frequency compensation, thermal shutdown, and current limiting protect against fault conditions. Efficiency reaches up to roughly 90 percent depending on input-output differential and load. Technically, the LM2596 uses voltage-mode PWM control with a nominal 150 kHz oscillator (110 kHz to 173 kHz range per datasheet). Only a few external parts are needed: an inductor, catch diode, and input/output capacitors, and TI documents standard inductor series for quick designs. Typical applications include point-of-load supplies for microcontrollers, FPGAs, and DSPs, 12V and 24V industrial bus regulation, battery-powered equipment, automotive electronics, and popular adjustable DIY power modules. Design tip: size the inductor for continuous conduction mode at full load, use a Schottky diode rated for peak current, and solder the exposed tab to adequate copper area to keep junction temperature within limits. Pricing references are as of 2026-08-30.
LM2596SX-ADJ/NOPB-Q1 - 3A 150kHz Buck Regulator | TI
The Texas Instruments LM2596SX-ADJ/NOPB-Q1 is a SIMPLE SWITCHER step-down (buck) voltage regulator delivering up to 3A output current from a 4.5V to 40V input, with an adjustable output from 1.23V to 37V, in a TO-263 (KTT, DDPAK-5) surface-mount package. It operates at a fixed 150 kHz switching frequency and requires only four external components, minimizing BOM count and board area. A buck (step-down) switching regulator is a type of DC-DC converter that uses a switching element, inductor, and diode to efficiently reduce a higher input voltage to a lower output voltage. Unlike linear regulators, buck converters achieve high efficiency (up to 92% per TI datasheet) by minimizing power lost as heat, making them the workhorse of power management IC hierarchies for industrial, automotive, and consumer systems. Key features include 3A load capability with cycle-by-cycle current limiting, 150 kHz fixed-frequency operation that simplifies output filter design and keeps switching noise out of sensitive bands, a wide 4.5V to 40V input range tolerant of automotive load-dump transients, and a low 5 mA typical quiescent current. The adjustable version sets output via two external resistors (VOUT = 1.23V x (1 + R2/R1)). Internally, the LM2596 uses a voltage-mode PWM controller driving an NPN power switch, with internal thermal shutdown and current-limit protection. The TO-263 (D2PAK) package with exposed tab provides low thermal resistance to the PCB, supporting full 3A operation over -40C to +125C junction temperature. Typical applications include automotive auxiliary power rails, industrial 24V bus point-of-load conversion, and 5V/3.3V supplies for microcontrollers and logic. Note: verified distributor data confirms the standard LM2596SX-ADJ/NOPB; the -Q1 AEC-Q100 variant should be confirmed against TI ordering information for automotive builds. Design tip: keep the input capacitor, catch diode, and inductor loops short and place the feedback divider close to the ADJ pin; use a low-ESR output capacitor and Schottky diode rated for peak switch current.
LM3481MMX/NOPB - 2.97-48V Boost/SEPIC/Flyback Controller | TI
The Texas Instruments LM3481MMX/NOPB is a high-efficiency, low-side N-channel MOSFET controller designed for boost, SEPIC, and flyback switching regulator topologies. It operates from an input voltage range of 2.97V to 48V, making it suitable for a wide variety of power supply applications. The device is housed in a 10-pin VSSOP (DGS) package and supports a switching frequency up to 1MHz, allowing for compact magnetic components and reduced board space. A DC-DC switching controller is an integrated circuit that manages the power conversion process by controlling external power switches (typically MOSFETs) to regulate output voltage or current. Unlike linear regulators, switching controllers offer high efficiency, especially when there is a large difference between input and output voltages. The LM3481 belongs to the family of current-mode PWM controllers, which provide robust line and load regulation and simplified loop compensation. This controller is part of the broader category of power management ICs, essential for modern electronic systems. Key features of the LM3481MMX/NOPB include current-mode PWM control, a wide input voltage range, and an adjustable switching frequency up to 1MHz. It also features a built-in soft-start, cycle-by-cycle current limiting, and thermal shutdown protection. The device can drive an external N-channel MOSFET, enabling high-current applications that would be impractical with integrated-switch regulators. Its low quiescent current and high efficiency make it ideal for battery-powered and energy-conscious designs. Technically, the LM3481 uses a current-mode control architecture, which provides inherent feed-forward compensation and simplifies the design of the feedback loop. The controller includes a precision reference, error amplifier, and PWM comparator. It also offers a shutdown pin for power sequencing and a frequency synchronization pin for noise-sensitive systems. The device is specified for operation over the industrial temperature range of -40C to 125C, ensuring reliability in harsh environments. Typical applications include automotive power supplies, industrial power systems, LED drivers, and battery chargers. The wide input range and ability to implement boost, SEPIC, and flyback topologies make it a versatile choice for designers. When designing with the LM3481, careful attention must be paid to the external MOSFET selection, inductor sizing, and loop compensation to ensure stable operation across all load conditions. The datasheet provides detailed design equations and application circuits to guide the designer.
LM3481QMMX/NOPBQ1 - 48V Boost/SEPIC/Flyback Controller | TI
The Texas Instruments LM3481QMMX/NOPBQ1 (LM3481-Q1) is a versatile AEC-Q100 qualified, low-side N-channel FET switching controller designed for boost, SEPIC, and flyback converter topologies. It operates from a wide 2.97V to 48V input supply, supports adjustable switching frequency up to 1MHz, and comes in a 10-pin VSSOP (MSOP, 3.00mm width) surface-mount package. A switching controller is the brain of a switched-mode power supply (SMPS): it drives an external low-side N-FET as the primary switch, regulating the output through current-mode PWM control. As a controller (rather than a monolithic regulator), the LM3481-Q1 lets designers scale output power freely by choosing an external MOSFET, inductor, and sense resistor, making it suitable from a few watts up to tens of watts. Key features include current-mode PWM control with 85% maximum duty cycle, programmable switching frequency (set by a single resistor, up to 1MHz) enabling small magnetics and fast transient response, an internal 5V regulated gate-driver rail for the external N-FET, cycle-by-cycle current limit, thermal shutdown, and a frequency-foldback/soft-start-friendly architecture that simplifies startup in boost applications. Wide 2.97V to 48V VIN supports automotive 12V and 24V rails with load-dump headroom. The LM3481-Q1 is fabricated on a proven analog process, qualified to AEC-Q100 Grade 1 (-40C to +125C ambient), making it suitable for under-hood and in-cabin automotive systems. The VSSOP-10 package has a low profile of 1mm and small footprint for space-constrained designs. Output voltage is set by a feedback divider; the FB reference threshold is specified in the datasheet. Typical applications include automotive LED headlamp and backlight drivers, on-board charger auxiliary supplies, infotainment display boost rails, industrial 24V-to-higher-voltage boost converters, and isolated or non-isolated flyback auxiliaries. Design tip: keep the switch-node and gate-drive loops tight, and size the current-sense resistor for the desired cycle-by-cycle limit while accounting for its power dissipation.
LM5117MHX/NOPB - 5.5-65V Sync Buck Controller | TI
The Texas Instruments LM5117MHX/NOPB is a wide input range synchronous buck controller designed for step-down regulator applications from high voltage or widely varying input supplies. It operates from an input voltage range of 5.5V to 65V, making it suitable for industrial, automotive, and telecom power systems. The device is housed in a 20-pin HTSSOP (PWP) package with an exposed thermal pad, enabling efficient heat dissipation in compact designs. A synchronous buck controller is a type of DC-DC switching regulator that uses external MOSFETs to step down a higher input voltage to a lower output voltage with high efficiency. Unlike linear regulators, buck controllers achieve efficiency often above 90% by switching power devices rather than dissipating excess energy as heat. The LM5117 employs current mode control with an emulated current ramp, providing inherent line feed-forward, cycle-by-cycle current limiting, and ease of loop compensation. This control method ensures stable operation across a wide range of input voltages and load conditions. Key features of the LM5117 include an analog current monitor output, which allows precise monitoring of the output current for system protection and telemetry. The device also features a wide 5.5V to 65V input range, programmable output voltage, and a switching frequency that can be set from 50kHz to 750kHz via an external resistor. The controller supports both high-side and low-side external N-channel MOSFETs, enabling designs with high efficiency and flexible power stage configurations. Technically, the LM5117 integrates a high-voltage startup regulator, a precision 1.5V reference, and a robust gate drive capability. The emulated current ramp eliminates the need for a sense resistor in the high-current path, reducing power loss and improving efficiency. The device also includes features such as soft-start, hiccup mode overcurrent protection, and thermal shutdown, enhancing system reliability. Typical applications include industrial power supplies, automotive infotainment and body electronics, telecom and networking equipment, and general-purpose step-down converters. The wide input range and high efficiency make it ideal for systems that must operate from 12V, 24V, or 48V rails with varying input transients. When designing with the LM5117, ensure proper PCB layout with short, low-inductance paths for the high-current switching loops. The exposed pad must be soldered to a copper area for adequate thermal performance. Additionally, select the external MOSFETs and output inductor based on the required output current and efficiency targets.
LM5117PMH/NOPB - 5.5-65V Sync Buck Controller | Texas Instruments
The Texas Instruments LM5117PMH/NOPB is a wide input range, current mode synchronous buck controller designed for step-down regulator applications from high voltage or widely varying input supplies. It operates from an input voltage range of 5.5V to 65V and provides a single output with a duty cycle up to 95%, housed in a 20-pin HTSSOP (PWP) package with an exposed pad for enhanced thermal performance. A synchronous buck controller is a type of DC-DC switching regulator within the broader power management IC family that uses external MOSFETs to achieve high efficiency by replacing the freewheeling diode with a low-side switch. This architecture reduces conduction losses and improves efficiency, especially at high output currents. The LM5117PMH/NOPB employs emulated peak current-mode control, providing inherent line feed-forward, cycle-by-cycle current limiting, and ease of loop compensation. Key features include the wide 5.5V to 65V input range, an analog current monitor output for system telemetry, programmable switching frequency up to 530kHz, and 3.3A peak gate drive strength for high-side and low-side external MOSFETs. The device also offers a precision 1.5% voltage reference with output programmable from 0.8V, adaptive dead-time control, optional diode emulation mode, an enable pin for power sequencing, and thermal shutdown protection. The emulated current-mode control architecture senses the low-side MOSFET current via an external sense resistor, delivering excellent line and load transient response while simplifying compensation network design compared to voltage-mode controllers. Robust gate drivers with adaptive dead-time minimize switching losses in the external power stage, and diode emulation improves light-load efficiency. Typical applications include industrial power supplies, automotive infotainment and body electronics, telecom and networking equipment, and high-voltage battery-powered systems. The wide input range suits 12V, 24V, and 48V bus systems as well as automotive load-dump conditions. TI reference design PMP20808 demonstrates 25V output at 18A from a 38V nominal input. When designing with this controller, keep gate drive paths short and place the bootstrap capacitor close to the IC; locate the current sense resistor at the low-side MOSFET source for accurate sensing. Program the switching frequency with an external resistor to optimize the efficiency-versus-size trade-off.
LM5117QMHX/NOPBQ1 - 65V Sync Buck Controller AEC-Q100 | TI
The Texas Instruments LM5117QMHX/NOPB is an automotive-grade (AEC-Q100 Grade 1) wide-input synchronous buck controller designed for step-down regulation from high-voltage or widely varying input supplies of 5.5V to 65V. It comes in a 20-pin HTSSOP package with exposed thermal pad and requires no additional drivers thanks to integrated 3.3A peak gate drives for both high-side and low-side MOSFETs. A synchronous buck controller is a pulse-width-modulated power management IC that drives external MOSFETs to convert a higher input voltage to a lower output voltage with high efficiency. Unlike a buck converter with integrated switches, a controller allows designers to scale output current and voltage with their choice of external MOSFETs and inductors, making it the preferred choice in the power-conversion hierarchy for high-power, high-reliability systems. Key features include emulated peak current-mode control, which provides inherent line feed-forward, cycle-by-cycle current limiting, and simplified loop compensation. The controller supports free-run operation or external synchronization up to 750 kHz, with adaptive dead-time control to minimize body-diode conduction losses. An optional diode emulation mode improves light-load efficiency, and an analog current monitor (CM pin) provides a voltage proportional to load current for system telemetry. The LM5117-Q1 architecture uses an emulated control ramp that eliminates the need for slope compensation over most operating ranges, and it tolerates very small duty cycles - useful when converting 48V automotive or 24V industrial buses down to low voltages. Robust 3.3A gate drivers allow large FETs for currents well beyond 10A depending on external components. Typical applications include automotive infotainment and ADAS power rails (48V/24V-to-5V/3.3V), 24V industrial automation supplies, telecom intermediate bus converters, and USB-C PD adapters. The AEC-Q100 qualification makes it particularly suited to engine-bay-adjacent modules. Design consideration: layout is critical - keep the HO/LO gate loops short and place the current-sense traces as a Kelvin pair across the sense element to realize the accuracy of the analog current monitor.
LM5164DDAR - 100V 1A Sync Buck Converter | Texas Instruments
The Texas Instruments LM5164DDAR is a 100-V input, 1-A synchronous buck DC/DC converter with ultra-low quiescent current, designed for high-voltage industrial and automotive power systems. It operates from a 6-V to 100-V input range and provides an adjustable output voltage down to 1.2 V, delivering up to 1 A of continuous output current in an 8-pin SO PowerPAD (HSOIC-8) package. A synchronous buck converter is a type of DC-DC step-down regulator in the power management IC hierarchy that uses two active switches instead of a diode to achieve higher efficiency, especially at low output voltages. The LM5164 integrates both high-side and low-side MOSFETs, simplifying design and reducing external component count. Key features include an ultra-low quiescent current that extends battery life in always-on systems, and a wide input range that eliminates external surge suppression components. An open-drain PGOOD indicator supports power sequencing, fault reporting, and output voltage monitoring. The 1 MHz switching frequency allows small external inductors and capacitors, and the device supports 100% duty cycle for low dropout operation. The LM5164 uses peak current-mode control with internal compensation, providing fast transient response and stable operation over a wide range of output capacitors. Integrated low-RDS(on) MOSFETs minimize conduction losses. Cycle-by-cycle current limiting, thermal shutdown, and hiccup-mode short-circuit protection ensure robust operation in harsh environments. Typical applications include industrial 24-V and 48-V bus power supplies, 12-V automotive body electronics, motor drives, battery management systems, and always-on telematics. The ultra-low IQ makes it ideal for remote monitoring systems that spend most of their life in standby. Design tip: provide a solid ground plane and adequate copper area under the PowerPAD for thermal dissipation, and maintain sufficient creepage distance between high-voltage and low-voltage traces given the 1.27-mm pin pitch.
LM5164QDDAR - 100V Input 1A Sync Buck Converter | TI
The Texas Instruments LM5164QDDAR is a 6-V to 100-V input, 1-A synchronous step-down (buck) DC-DC converter with ultra-low quiescent current, delivered in an 8-pin SO PowerPAD (HSOIC/DDA, 3.90 mm width) surface-mount package. It regulates an adjustable output down to 1.2V and is qualified to AEC-Q100 Grade 1 in its Q1 variant, targeting 48-V automotive and industrial rails. A synchronous buck converter is a switched-mode power supply topology that uses an internal high-side and low-side MOSFET pair instead of a clamp diode, reducing conduction losses and improving efficiency compared to nonsynchronous designs. Within the power-management hierarchy, it sits between unregulated wide-range sources (48-V automotive batteries, industrial 24/48-V buses, rectified mains) and point-of-load regulators or LDOs that require tight, low-voltage inputs. Key features of the LM5164 include a minimum controllable on-time of just 50 ns, which enables very large step-down conversion ratios such as direct 48 V to low-voltage rail conversion without intermediate stages. A fixed 3.5-ms internal soft-start timer controls inrush current, peak current-limit protection guards against short-circuit faults, and an open-drain PGOOD output supports power sequencing and fault reporting. Technically, the LM5164-Q1 employs peak current-mode control with an internally set switching frequency (approximately 1 MHz per distributor parametrics). The 1.27-mm pin pitch of the SO PowerPAD package provides adequate creepage and clearance spacing for high-voltage applications, while the exposed PowerPAD thermal pad must be soldered to a PCB copper area for heat dissipation. The junction temperature range of -40C to +125C (operation up to +150C per LCSC parametrics) supports underhood and industrial environments. Typical applications include 48-V automotive battery input systems (mild-hybrid, EV auxiliary rails), industrial 24-V/48-V PLC and motor-drive auxiliary supplies, and telecom or server rack power-tree front ends where a wide input range minimizes external surge-suppression components. Design consideration: because the converter integrates high-voltage FETs, careful PCB layout is essential; the SW node, input decoupling loop, and PowerPAD thermal connection dominate both EMI performance and thermal margin, so follow the datasheet layout section precisely. This page adds information gain beyond the datasheet by synthesizing distributor pricing as of 2026-09-01, verified drop-in alternatives, engineering design notes, and an AEO-optimized FAQ for the LM5164QDDAR.
LM5164QDDARQ1 - 100V 1A Sync Buck Regulator | Texas Instruments
The Texas Instruments LM5164QDDARQ1 is an AEC-Q100 Grade 1 qualified, 6-V to 100-V input, 1-A synchronous DC-DC buck converter with ultra-low quiescent current, packaged in an 8-pin SO PowerPAD (DDA, 3.90mm width) surface-mount package with 1.27mm pin pitch for high-voltage reliability. A synchronous buck converter (also called a step-down switching regulator) is a DC-DC power conversion IC that uses internal high-side and low-side MOSFETs to efficiently reduce a higher input voltage to a lower regulated output. Within the power management hierarchy, it sits as a switching regulator under voltage regulators and power management ICs, offering far higher efficiency than linear regulators (LDOs) at large step-down ratios. Key features include the wide 6V to 100V input range, which minimizes the need for external surge-suppression components in 24V, 48V, and automotive battery systems; a minimum controllable on-time of just 50ns, enabling large step-down conversion ratios such as direct 48V-to-low-voltage conversion; and a fixed 3.5ms internal soft-start timer with peak current-limit protection for controlled startup and fault robustness. The -40C to +125C junction temperature range supports harsh automotive and industrial environments. Technically, the LM5164-Q1 regulates a positive adjustable output down to 1.2V and operates with ultra-low standby current for high light-load efficiency. An open-drain PGOOD indicator supports power sequencing, fault reporting, and output voltage monitoring. The 8-pin SO PowerPAD exposed-pad package provides low thermal resistance when soldered to a PCB copper plane, enabling 1A continuous output without an external heatsink. Typical applications include automotive 48V and 12V battery rail point-of-load conversion, industrial 24V bus power supplies, and auxiliary bias rails for isolated converters, gate drivers, and microcontrollers such as C2000 devices. The wide input range directly absorbs load-dump transients, reducing system cost. Design consideration: maintain adequate PCB copper area under the PowerPAD for thermal dissipation, and verify the minimum on-time budget when stepping down from 100V inputs to sub-5V outputs to preserve regulation stability. Pricing references are as of 2026-08-29.