DSP
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DSPIC33EP128MU206-H/PT - 16-bit DSC, 128KB Flash, USB | Microchip
The Microchip Technology DSPIC33EP128MU206-H/PT is a 16-bit digital signal controller (DSC) with 128 KB of flash program memory, 16 KB of RAM, and an integrated full-speed USB 2.0 peripheral, housed in a 64-pin TQFP package measuring 10 x 10 x 1 mm. A digital signal controller combines the computational capability of a digital signal processor with the peripheral integration and ease of use of a microcontroller. DSCs sit in the embedded processing hierarchy between general-purpose MCUs and dedicated DSPs, offering single-cycle MAC (multiply-accumulate) instructions, DSP-style addressing modes, and hardware divide support while retaining familiar MCU peripherals such as UART, SPI, I2C, timers, and PWM. Key features of the DSPIC33EP128MU206-H/PT include a 16-bit modified Harvard architecture dsPIC33E core, 12-bit analog-to-digital converter, motor control PWM (MC PWM), quadrature encoder interface (QEI), charge time measurement unit (CTMU), programmable gain amplifiers (3 op-amps), UART, SPI, I2C, and USB connectivity. The MU sub-family is distinguished by its USB OTG capability, making it well suited for communication-centric designs. The device leverages Microchip's dsPIC33EP architecture, delivering high computation throughput for real-time control loops and digital filtering. The CTMU enables capacitive touch and precise time-interval measurement, while the PTG (programmable toggle generator) offloads sequencing tasks from the CPU, reducing interrupt latency in time-critical applications. Typical applications include digital power supplies, motor control (BLDC/PMSM with QEI feedback), USB-connected industrial instruments, capacitive touch interfaces, and sensor acquisition systems requiring 12-bit ADC accuracy. Design consideration: the -H temperature suffix denotes an extended temperature grade; confirm the required operating range in the latest Microchip datasheet before finalizing BOM, and verify USB compliance only when the internal 3.3V regulator and proper filtering are used. This page synthesizes distributor stock data, drop-in alternatives, and design guidance not consolidated in the manufacturer datasheet, with pricing as of 2026-09-24.
DSPIC33EP128MU206-I/MR - 16-bit 70 MIPS DSC 128KB | Microchip
The Microchip Technology DSPIC33EP128MU206-I/MR is a 16-bit digital signal controller (DSC) delivering 70 MIPS from its dsPIC33EP core with 128 KB (43K x 24) of Flash program memory and 16 KB of RAM, housed in a 64-pin VQFN (MR, 9x9 mm) package with an industrial temperature rating of -40C to +85C. According to the Microchip product listing, this device integrates a 12-bit ADC and USB connectivity. A digital signal controller combines the computational strengths of a microcontroller (MCU) with the math acceleration of a digital signal processor (DSP). In the power-management hierarchy of embedded systems, a DSC sits between general-purpose MCUs and dedicated DSPs, offering deterministic interrupt latency, hardware multiply-accumulate units, and DSP-style addressing modes while retaining the peripherals and ease of use of a classic microcontroller. Key features of the DSPIC33EP128MU206 include 70 MIPS sustained core performance at 3.3V, a 12-bit ADC capable of high-rate sampling for control loops, USB 2.0 full-speed device support (the MU suffix denotes USB capability), 128 KB of self-programmable Flash with ECC, and a rich peripheral set of timers, UARTs, SPI, and I2C modules typical of the dsPIC33EP family. Architecturally, the dsPIC33EP core uses a modified Harvard pipeline with DSP engine instructions (MAC, MPY, dual operand fetch), zero-overhead loops, and hardware division support. Program Flash is 43K x 24-bit instruction words; the 16 KB SRAM supports DMA transfers to offload the CPU during high-throughput ADC and USB operation. Typical applications include digital power supplies and power factor correction, motor control (BLDC, PMSM, ACIM), USB-enabled industrial sensing nodes, and general embedded control where DSP math and real-time performance are required. When designing with this device, budget the peripheral pin select (PPS) mapping early and confirm the 9x9 mm VQFN thermal pad layout on the PCB, as the exposed pad is the primary heat-removal path. This page synthesizes distributor availability data, drop-in alternatives, and practical design guidance not found in the raw manufacturer datasheet, with pricing references noted as of 2026-09-24.
DSPIC33EP128MU206-I/PT - 16-bit DSC 128KB Flash 70MIPS | Microchip
The Microchip Technology DSPIC33EP128MU206-I/PT is a 16-bit digital signal controller (DSC) delivering 70 MIPS performance with 128 KB of flash memory and 16 KB of RAM, housed in a 64-pin TQFP surface-mount package and rated for operation from -40C to +85C. A digital signal controller combines the computational power of a DSP core with the peripheral integration and ease of use of a microcontroller. Within the power-management hierarchy, the dsPIC33EP family sits under Microchip's 16-bit architecture family, which descends from the broader digital signal processor product category. DSCs are widely used wherever real-time math-intensive control loops meet general-purpose I/O, such as motor control, digital power conversion, and embedded sensing. Key features of this part include the 16-bit dsPIC33E core running up to 70 MIPS at 3.3V, an internal fast RC oscillator with PLL for flexible clocking, a 12-bit ADC with multiple sample-and-hold channels, USB OTG support characteristic of the MU sub-family, multiple UART, SPI, and I2C serial ports, and hardware DSP multiply-accumulate instructions for filtering and control algorithms. Embedded flash supports in-circuit self-programming. Architecturally, the dsPIC33E core uses a modified Harvard bus with dedicated DSP engine, single-cycle MAC, and dual operand fetch, enabling efficient execution of PID loops, FFTs, and FIR/IIR filters. Peripheral Trigger Generator and DMA resources offload CPU bandwidth, keeping deterministic response in closed-loop control applications such as field-oriented motor drive. Typical applications include BLDC and PMSM motor control, digital SMPS and LED drivers, USB-connected industrial sensors, medical and portable instrumentation, and general embedded control requiring DSP-class math. Design consideration: budget the internal regulator and decoupling per the manufacturer datasheet, and verify USB timing against the system oscillator configuration. This page synthesizes distributor pricing context, drop-in same-family alternatives, and practical design notes not consolidated in the manufacturer datasheet.
DSPIC33EP128MU206T-I/MR - 16-bit DSC, 128KB Flash | Microchip
The Microchip Technology DSPIC33EP128MU206T-I/MR is a 16-bit digital signal controller (DSC) from the dsPIC33EPxxxMU20x family, featuring 128 KB of Flash program memory, 16 KB of RAM, and a 12-bit ADC, housed in a 64-pin QFN surface-mount package supplied on tape and reel. A digital signal controller combines the computational architecture of a microcontroller with the arithmetic throughput of a digital signal processor. Within the power-management hierarchy of embedded systems, a DSC sits between general-purpose MCUs and dedicated DSPs, offering deterministic interrupt latency and single-cycle MAC (multiply-accumulate) instructions alongside standard MCU peripherals, making it the natural choice for control loops that also require fast math. Key characteristics include the 16-bit dsPIC33EP core executing DSP instructions at up to 70 MIPS, 128 KB (44 Kword x 24-bit) of self-programmable Flash with ECC-class reliability features, 16 KB of RAM, and a high-speed 12-bit ADC capable of simultaneous multi-channel sampling. The MU20x family is distinguished by its USB OTG capability and dual CAN 2.0B modules, which set it apart from the GP and MC families. Architecturally, the device integrates a DSP engine with two 40-bit wide accumulators, hardware division support, bit-reversal addressing for FFTs, and a rich peripheral set including UART, SPI, I2C, input capture, output compare, and PWM modules - all serviced through a vectored interrupt controller. Typical applications include digital power supplies, motor control drives, USB-connected industrial instruments, CAN-networked automotive and industrial nodes, and general-purpose sensing systems that benefit from DSP math capability. When designing with this DSC, budget careful attention to the 3.0V-3.6V supply domain and decoupling of the core/regulator pins, and verify programming clock constraints when using the internal FRC oscillator. This page synthesizes distributor sourcing data, same-family drop-in alternatives, and practical design notes not found in the manufacturer datasheet alone.
DSPIC33EP128MU206T-I/PT - 16-bit DSC 128KB Flash USB | Microchip
The Microchip Technology DSPIC33EP128MU206T-I/PT is a 16-bit Digital Signal Controller (DSC) delivering 70 MIPS performance with 128 KB of Flash memory, 16 KB of SRAM, and an integrated full-speed USB 2.0 module, housed in a 64-pin TQFP (PT) package rated for -40C to +85C operation. A Digital Signal Controller combines the computational throughput of a digital signal processor with the peripheral integration, interrupt architecture, and ease of use of a microcontroller. Within the power-management hierarchy of embedded systems, a DSC sits above general-purpose MCUs in math capability and below standalone DSPs in system complexity, making it the preferred choice when control loops and signal processing must run on a single chip. Key features include the 16-bit dsPIC33EP core with DSP engine (single-cycle MAC, 40-bit accumulator), 70 MIPS execution at 3.3V, 128 KB of self-programmable Flash with ECC, and a USB 2.0 full-speed device/peripheral module with integrated transceiver - eliminating the need for an external USB PHY. The MU (USB) subfamily is the branch of the dsPIC33EP line dedicated to USB-connected control applications. Technical depth: the device integrates a 10-bit, 1.1 Msps ADC and a 12-bit ADC, multiple UART, SPI, and I2C peripherals, input capture/output compare channels, quadrature encoder interfaces for motor feedback, and comparators. Dual partition Flash supports live firmware updates over USB (bootloader-friendly design). Typical applications include USB-connected industrial sensors and instruments, power-supply and battery-charger digital control, brushless DC and PMSM motor control with USB commissioning, and audio/DSP-adjacent control nodes where a full-speed USB port plus fast control loops are required on one die. Design consideration: the dsPIC33EP family requires a 3.0V-3.6V supply; ensure USB VBUS is regulated down and plan the clock tree (8 MHz crystal plus PLL) per the Microchip oscillator guidelines for reliable 70 MIPS operation. This page synthesizes distributor sourcing data, drop-in alternative MPNs within the dsPIC33EP family, and practical design notes not consolidated on the manufacturer datasheet.
DSPIC33EP128MU502-E/MM - 70MIPS 16-bit DSC, USB, QFN-28 | Microchip
The Microchip DSPIC33EP128MU502-E/MM is a 16-bit digital signal controller (DSC) delivering up to 70 MIPS from 128 KB of Flash program memory and 16 KB of RAM, with an integrated Full-Speed USB 2.0 device module and a 12-bit ADC, housed in a 28-pin QFN (MM, 6x6 mm) package rated for -40C to +125C operation. A digital signal controller combines the computational capabilities of a digital signal processor (DSP) with the peripherals and ease of use of a microcontroller (MCU). Within the power-management hierarchy of embedded systems, a DSC sits between a general-purpose microcontroller and a dedicated DSP, providing hardware multiply-accumulate (MAC) units, fast interrupt handling, and deterministic execution for control loops such as digital power conversion, motor control, and audio filtering. Key features of the DSPIC33EP128MU502-E include the DSP engine with dual 40-bit accumulators, an upstream-facing Full-Speed USB controller with built-in PHY, a 12-bit ADC with up to 10.9 msps throughput for fast analog sampling, and multiple UART, SPI, and I2C communication interfaces for system connectivity. The -E suffix designates the extended temperature range of -40C to +125C, making this device suitable for industrial and automotive-adjacent environments. Architecturally, the dsPIC33E family executes the modified Harvard instruction set at up to 70 MIPS from a 3.0V to 3.6V supply, with oscillator options including an internal fast RC oscillator and crystal-driven PLL for frequency-critical USB operation. Flexible pin remapping (peripheral pin select) on RPx pins allows UART, SPI, and other digital peripherals to be routed to available I/O, simplifying board layout in a compact 28-pin footprint. Typical applications include USB-connected industrial sensors and data loggers, digital power supplies requiring high-rate ADC feedback, brushless DC and PMSM motor control, and audio or communications equipment needing DSP-level math on a low-cost controller. A key design consideration is powering VUSB3V3 from a separate regulated 3.3V rail and placing the VCAP/VDDCORE stabilizing capacitor per the manufacturer datasheet to guarantee reliable core-voltage generation and USB compliance. This page synthesizes verified distributor data, same-package drop-in alternatives, pricing tiers, and practical design notes not found on the manufacturer datasheet alone, for buyers and design engineers researching the DSPIC33EP128MU502-E/MM.
DSPIC33EP128MU502-E/SO - 16-Bit DSC, 128KB Flash, USB | Microchip
The Microchip Technology DSPIC33EP128MU502-E/SO is a 16-bit Digital Signal Controller (DSC) combining a 70 MIPS dsPIC33E CPU core with 128 KB of Flash program memory, 16 KB of RAM, and a rich analog and connectivity peripheral set, housed in a 28-pin SOIC (SO) package rated for the extended -40C to +125C temperature range denoted by the E suffix. A Digital Signal Controller is a hybrid class of embedded processor that merges the deterministic interrupt handling and peripheral set of a microcontroller (MCU) with the mathematical throughput of a digital signal processor (DSP). Within the power-management hierarchy, a DSC sits above a general-purpose MCU for control-loop-intensive tasks such as digital power conversion, motor control, and sensor fusion, where single-cycle MAC and divide operations materially shorten control-loop execution time. Key features of this device include the 16-bit modified Harvard dsPIC33E core running up to 70 MIPS, 128 KB Flash with 1 KB data Flash for calibration constants, dual 12-bit ADCs delivering up to 10 Msps sampling, and an integrated full-speed USB 2.0 device/OTG peripheral that is rare in 28-pin DSCs. Connectivity is rounded out by a CAN 2.0B controller, multiple UART, SPI and I2C channels, and hardware support for ECAN-based networking. The architecture pairs the high-performance core with a DMA controller, 16 x 16 multiply with 32/40-bit accumulate DSP engine, and flexible clocking (internal FRC PLL or external crystal up to 140 MHz device frequency equivalents). Peripheral Pin Select (PPS) allows digital peripherals to be remapped onto most RPx pins, easing PCB layout and reducing board rework risk. This makes the part well suited to digital power supplies, brushless DC and PMSM motor control, USB-connected instrumentation, and CAN-based industrial nodes. Typical applications include 3-phase motor inverters where dual ADCs sample phase currents synchronously, digital LED lighting and power factor correction stages, and USB-connected industrial sensors that also bridge onto a CAN bus. When designing with this device, budget the VCAP/VDDCORE capacitor carefully: the internal 2.5V core regulator requires a low-ESR 10 uF tantalum or ceramic capacitor plus a 0.1 uF bypass for stable operation. This page synthesizes distributor availability data, drop-in alternatives, and practical design notes not found in the manufacturer datasheet, providing engineering-context value beyond the raw specification listing.
DSPIC33EP128MU502-E/SP - 16-bit DSC 128KB USB CAN | Microchip
The Microchip Technology DSPIC33EP128MU502-E/SP is a 16-bit digital signal controller (DSC) delivering up to 70 MIPS from 128 KB of Flash memory and 16 KB of SRAM, with integrated USB 2.0 and CAN 2.0b connectivity, housed in a 28-pin 300-mil SPDIP package rated for -40C to +125C operation. A digital signal controller is a hybrid device that combines the compute architecture of a microcontroller with the mathematical acceleration of a digital signal processor. Within the power management and embedded control hierarchy, DSCs sit between general-purpose MCUs and dedicated DSPs, making them the natural choice for closed-loop control systems such as digital power supplies, motor drives, and power-conversion stages that require both fast multiply-accumulate throughput and rich peripherals. Key features of the DSPIC33EP128MU502 include a 12-bit, 1.1 Msps analog-to-digital converter, three on-chip operational amplifiers, high-resolution PWM modules suitable for power conversion, a CTMU (Charge Time Measurement Unit) for capacitive touch and precision time measurement, and dual connectivity blocks: Full-Speed USB 2.0 device support and an ECAN module for CAN 2.0b networks. Architecturally, the dsPIC33E core executes an enhanced 16-bit instruction set with DSP engine (17x17 multiplier, 40-bit accumulator, dual operand fetch), enabling filtering and control-loop math at up to 70 MIPS. Flash is self-programmable, supporting field firmware updates; the Extended-temperature (E) suffix guarantees operation across the full -40C to +125C automotive-grade range. Typical applications include digital power supplies and PFC stages, brushless DC and PMSM motor control, USB-connected embedded-control nodes, and CAN-based automotive or industrial sensing modules where the wide temperature rating is mandatory. Design consideration: the SPDIP package is ideal for prototyping and low-volume assembly, but its larger package limits thermal density versus SOIC/QFN siblings - verify dissipation at 70 MIPS operation. This page adds distributor stock visibility, drop-in same-family alternatives, and selection guidance not found in the manufacturer datasheet.
DSPIC33EP128MU502-H/SP - 16-bit DSC 128KB Flash 70MIPS | Microchip
The Microchip Technology DSPIC33EP128MU502-H/SP is a 16-bit digital signal controller (DSC) delivering up to 70 MIPS core performance with 128 KB Flash program memory, 16 KB RAM, and an integrated 12-bit ADC, packaged in a 28-pin SPDIP (0.300 in) through-hole package. A digital signal controller combines the computational architecture of a digital signal processor with the peripherals and ease of use of a microcontroller. DSCs sit within the broader embedded processor hierarchy - microcontroller, then DSC, then system-on-chip - offering single-cycle MAC and DSP instructions while retaining conventional MCU peripherals such as UART, SPI, I2C, PWM, and CAN. Key features of this device include the high-performance 16-bit dsPIC33E core rated at 70 MIPS, 128 KB of self-programmable Flash with ECC, 16 KB of SRAM, dual 12-bit ADC modules, multiple 16-bit timers, and communication peripherals including USB and CAN for the MU (USB/media) family variant. The H temperature grade supports extended operating conditions, and the SPDIP package suits prototyping, legacy through-hole boards, and industrial control retrofits. The dsPIC33EP architecture uses a modified Harvard pipeline with deterministic interrupt latency, hardware DSP engine (single-cycle multiply-accumulate), and Peripheral Pin Select (PPS) for flexible I/O mapping. Code development is supported by Microchip MPLAB X IDE and the XC16 compiler, with drop-in code compatibility across the dsPIC33EP family. Typical applications include industrial motor control, digital power supplies (switching converters with MC PWM), USB-connected sensor hubs, audio processing nodes, and general-purpose embedded control requiring DSP-class math. A key design consideration: the dsPIC33EP core requires a VCAP/VDDCORE stabilization capacitor on the internal regulator pin - omitting it is a common bring-up failure. Note this part is listed as discontinued at DigiKey; pricing is RFQ-based from independent distributors. This page synthesizes distributor availability, drop-in family alternatives, pinout guidance, and practical design notes not found in the manufacturer datasheet, as of 2026-09-24.
DSPIC33EP128MU502-I/MM - 16-bit DSC 128KB Flash USB | Microchip
The Microchip Technology DSPIC33EP128MU502-I/MM is a 16-bit Digital Signal Controller (DSC) with 128 KB of Flash program memory, 16 KB of RAM, an integrated full-speed USB 2.0 On-The-Go (OTG) module, and a 12-bit ADC, housed in a 28-pin QFN (MM) package rated for the industrial temperature range of -40C to +85C. A Digital Signal Controller combines the computational capabilities of a digital signal processor with the control peripherals and ease of use of a microcontroller. In the embedded systems hierarchy, the DSC sits between a general-purpose microcontroller (MCU) and a dedicated DSP, making it well suited for real-time control loops that also require math-intensive signal processing, such as digital power conversion and motor control. Key features of the DSPIC33EP128MU502 include its modified Harvard architecture 16-bit core executing at up to 70 MIPS, DSP engine with single-cycle MAC and 40-bit accumulators, and integrated USB OTG support for device, host, and dual-role designs. The part also integrates multiple UART, SPI, and I2C peripherals, a flexible output-compare/input-capture system, and high-speed PWM outputs suitable for power electronics. Architecturally, the dsPIC33EP family uses deterministic single-cycle instruction execution with zero-overhead DO and REPEAT loops, allowing filtering and control algorithms to run predictably. The 12-bit ADC with multiple sample-and-hold channels enables simultaneous sampling of current and voltage feedback signals in closed-loop converters. Typical applications include digital power supplies, USB-connected industrial instruments, battery chargers, BLDC/PMSM motor control drives, and audio signal processing nodes where USB connectivity plus DSP math in a compact 28-pin footprint is valuable. For design, the MM QFN package requires a solid ground plane and thermal vias under the exposed pad; decouple all VDD pins with 100 nF ceramics placed as close as possible to each supply pin. This page synthesizes distributor pricing, drop-in alternatives within the dsPIC33EP family, pinout data, and practical design notes not found on the manufacturer product page.
DSPIC33EP128MU502-I/SP - 70MIPS 16-bit USB DSC | Microchip
The Microchip Technology DSPIC33EP128MU502-I/SP is a 16-bit digital signal controller (DSC) delivering 70 MIPS performance with 128 KB Flash and 16 KB RAM, integrated USB OTG connectivity, and a 12-bit ADC, housed in a 28-pin SPDIP (SP) package rated from -40C to +85C. A digital signal controller combines the computational capability of a DSP with the peripheral set and ease of use of a microcontroller. Within the power-management hierarchy, DSCs occupy the space between general-purpose MCUs and dedicated DSPs, making them the device of choice for control loops that need both fast math (MAC instructions, DSP engine) and flexible digital and analog peripherals. Key features of this part include the dsPIC33E 16-bit core running at up to 70 MIPS, 128 KB of self-programmable Flash, 16 KB of on-chip RAM, and full-speed USB 2.0 On-The-Go (OTG) capability, which distinguishes the MU sub-family from the GP and MC variants. A 12-bit ADC with multiple sample-and-hold circuits supports simultaneous sampling for high-precision control applications. Architecturally, the dsPIC33EP core pairs two 40-bit wide accumulators and a hardware DSP engine (17x17 MAC, dual operand fetch) with deterministic interrupt latency, allowing filter and control algorithms to execute in fixed cycle counts. In-Circuit Serial Programming (ICSP) and in-circuit debugging are supported through the MPLAB SNAP or PICkit programmers using just two device I/O pins. Typical applications include USB-connected industrial instruments, digital power supplies and PFC converters, brushless DC motor control, and general embedded systems that benefit from DSP-class math in a DIP package that is easy to prototype and socket. Design consideration: the dsPIC33EP core requires a VDDCORE/VCAP stabilization capacitor on pin 11; do not omit it, and sequence 3.3V supply within the 3.0V to 3.6V operating range. This page synthesizes distributor inventory data, drop-in alternatives, pricing tiers, and practical design notes beyond what the manufacturer datasheet provides.
DSPIC33EP128MU504-E/ML - 16-bit DSC 128KB USB CAN | Microchip
The Microchip Technology DSPIC33EP128MU504-E/ML is a 16-bit digital signal controller (DSC) featuring 128 KB of Flash program memory, 16 KB of SRAM, and a 70 MIPS dsPIC DSC core, housed in a 44-pin QFN (8x8 mm) package rated for -40C to +125C operation. A digital signal controller combines the computational throughput of a DSP with the deterministic control structure and peripheral set of a microcontroller. In the power management hierarchy of embedded systems, a DSC sits between general-purpose MCUs and dedicated DSPs, making it the preferred device class for closed-loop control loops that need both fast multiply-accumulate arithmetic and rich on-chip peripherals such as PWM, QEI, and CAN. Key features of this MU-series variant include an integrated full-speed USB 2.0 device peripheral, a CAN 2.0B module, a 12-bit ADC with up to 1.1 Msps throughput, three on-chip operational amplifiers, motor-control PWM, quadrature encoder interface (QEI), and a Charge Time Measurement Unit (CTMU). These peripherals let a single chip implement complete digital power, motion, or sensing systems without external analog front-end ICs. Architecturally, the dsPIC33E family uses a modified Harvard pipeline with DSP engine (single-cycle MAC, 40-bit accumulator), hardware division support, and two address generation units. The E-temperature suffix guarantees extended industrial operation to +125C, supporting designs inside sealed enclosures and under-hood or high-power-inverter environments where ambient and self-heating combine. Typical applications include digital power supplies and PFC stages, brushless DC and PMSM motor drives, USB-connected industrial instruments, CAN-networked automotive accessory nodes, and sensor interfaces that exploit the CTMU and on-chip op-amps. For design, plan the 3.3V supply with separate regulated or filtered VUSB for the USB PHY, decouple all VDD/VSS pairs, and budget flash carefully - 128 KB suits mid-complexity control firmware with USB and CAN stacks resident. This page synthesizes distributor pricing, pin-compatible family alternatives, and practical design notes not consolidated in the manufacturer datasheet.
DSPIC33EP128MU504-E/MV - 16-bit DSC 128KB Flash USB CAN | Microchip
The Microchip Technology DSPIC33EP128MU504-E/MV is a 16-bit digital signal controller (DSC) from the dsPIC33EP MU family, featuring 128 KB (43K x 24) of Flash program memory, 16 KB of RAM, a 70 MIPS dsPIC33E core, a 12-bit ADC, integrated USB, CAN, three op amps, MCPWM and QEI peripherals, housed in a 48-pin UQFN (6x6 mm) package with extended temperature range (-40C to +125C, E suffix). A digital signal controller combines the computational capability of a digital signal processor with the peripheral integration and control architecture of a microcontroller. Within the power-management hierarchy, the dsPIC33E family sits above basic MCUs and below dedicated DSPs, offering DSP engine instructions (MAC, DSP multiply-accumulate) alongside general-purpose embedded control peripherals, making it a single-chip solution for real-time control systems. Key features of the MU504 variant include its communication-rich peripheral set: full-speed USB with OTG support, CAN 2.0B for industrial networking, up to three 8-bit/12-bit ADC modules, three analog comparators with op amps, and advanced motor control PWM (MCPWM) with quadrature encoder interface. The 70 MIPS core supports the DSP instruction set, and the device includes 1 KB of dedicated Data Flash (EEPROM emulation) as listed in distributor data. Architecturally, the dsPIC33E core uses a modified Harvard pipeline with 16-bit instructions and 24-bit wide program memory words, delivering deterministic single-cycle DSP MAC operations. Code-dense instructions and an extensive peripheral-trigger system allow peripherals such as the PWM to trigger ADC conversions without CPU intervention, critical for high-frequency motor control loops. Typical applications include digital power supplies, precision brushless DC and PMSM motor control, USB-connected industrial instruments, and CAN-networked sensor nodes. The MU peripheral mix (USB + CAN + MCPWM + op amps) fits multi-protocol control nodes specifically. Design consideration: the UQFN-48 6x6 package exposes a thermal pad beneath the die; a solid ground plane and proper via stitching under the pad are required for thermal dissipation and low-impedance grounding. This page synthesizes distributor listings, drop-in same-family alternatives, and practical design guidance not found in the manufacturer datasheet.
DSPIC33EP128MU504-I/MV - 70 MIPS 16-bit DSC 128KB | Microchip
The Microchip Technology DSPIC33EP128MU504-I/MV is a 16-bit digital signal controller (DSC) delivering up to 70 MIPS from its dsPIC33E CPU core, with 128 KB of Flash program memory, 16 KB of RAM, and an integrated 12-bit ADC, housed in a 44-pin UQFN (MV) surface-mount package rated for -40C to +85C industrial operation. A digital signal controller combines the computational strengths of a microcontroller with the math-acceleration of a digital signal processor on a single die. Within the power-management hierarchy of embedded systems, a DSC sits between general-purpose MCUs and dedicated DSPs, making it the preferred choice for control loops that need fast multiply-accumulate operations, deterministic interrupts, and rich on-chip peripherals in one silicon solution. Key features of the DSPIC33EP128MU504 include the 16-bit dsPIC33E core with DSP instruction support and two 40-bit accumulators, single-cycle MAC operation, 128 KB self-programmable Flash with ECC-class endurance, and up to 85 general-purpose I/O. The MU variant is distinguished by its USB 2.0 full-speed device peripheral, high-speed 10/12-bit ADC capable of 1.1 Msps throughput, multiple UART, SPI, and I2C modules, output-compare and input-capture channels, and flexible motor-control PWM capability. Architecturally, the dsPIC33E family uses a modified Harvard pipeline with 32-bit-wide instruction words, hardware looping, bit-reversal addressing for FFTs, and a DMA controller that moves ADC, UART, and SPI data without CPU intervention. This reduces ISR latency and keeps control loops deterministic at 70 MIPS, which is essential for field-oriented motor control and digital power conversion. Typical applications include 3-phase BLDC and PMSM motor drives, digital power supplies and inverters, USB-connected industrial instruments, and embedded control nodes that mix sensing, DSP math, and communication. The 44-pin UQFN footprint suits compact, thermally constrained boards. For design, budget the Flash carefully: the -I industrial temperature suffix covers -40C to +85C; the /MV (UQFN) footprint requires via-in-pad thermal design for best electrical and thermal performance. This page synthesizes verified distributor data, drop-in alternatives, pricing context, and practical design notes not found on the manufacturer datasheet alone, adding selection and cross-reference value for engineers and buyers.
DSPIC33EP128MU504T-I/MV - 16-bit DSC 128KB Flash | Microchip
The Microchip Technology DSPIC33EP128MU504T-I/MV is a 16-bit digital signal controller (DSC) from the dsPIC33EP family with 128 KB of flash program memory, up to 70 MIPS core performance, and a USB OTG peripheral, housed in a 44-pin UQFN/QFN (MV) surface-mount package rated for -40C to +85C (I) operation. A digital signal controller combines the compute architecture of a microcontroller with the mathematical acceleration of a digital signal processor. In the embedded hierarchy it sits between general-purpose MCUs (such as PIC16) and dedicated DSPs: it executes real-time control loops and filtering algorithms with single-cycle MAC and divide instructions while retaining flash memory, interrupts, and rich on-chip peripherals typical of microcontrollers. Key features of this part include the 16-bit dsPIC33E core clocked at up to 70 MIPS, 128 KB of self-programmable flash with ECC, USB 2.0 On-The-Go support for device/host/OTG roles, multiple UART, SPI and I2C modules, and 12-bit ADC channels enabling precise analog acquisition for closed-loop control. The dsPIC33E core implements DSP-class instructions, a high-performance MAC unit, and a flexible interrupt controller, allowing deterministic execution of PI loops, transforms, and digital filters. Code is executed from flash with software-managed prefetch, and the peripheral ecosystem includes output-compare, input-capture, and QEI modules suited to motion and power conversion. Typical applications include USB-connected industrial instruments, digital power supplies, motor control drives, and portable measurement equipment where the USB OTG interface and DSP math coexist with real-time control. For design, decouple the multiple VDD/VDDCORE rails per the manufacturer datasheet, and note that the -T suffix indicates tape-and-reel packaging; the MV package requires a matching QFN land pattern with grounded thermal via array. This page synthesizes distributor sourcing data, same-family drop-in candidates, and design guidance not consolidated in the manufacturer datasheet.
DSPIC33EP128MU506-E/PT - 16-bit DSC 128KB Flash 70 MIPS | Microchip
The Microchip Technology DSPIC33EP128MU506-E/PT is a 16-bit digital signal controller (DSC) with 128KB flash memory, up to 70 MIPS performance, and an extended temperature rating of -40C to +125C, housed in a 64-pin TQFP (PT) surface-mount package. A digital signal controller combines the compute architecture of a microcontroller with the DSP capability of a digital signal processor. Within the power-management hierarchy of embedded systems, a DSC such as the dsPIC33EP family sits above basic MCUs and below application processors, providing real-time control loops, fast math (MAC/DSP engine), and rich peripheral integration in a single chip. The dsPIC33EP family is Microchip's 70 MIPS generation built on a 16-bit modified Harvard architecture core. Key features of the DSPIC33EP128MU506 include its 128KB self-programmable flash, integrated USB 2.0 device support, multiple UART/SPI/I2C communication modules, high-speed PWM with dead-time control for power conversion and motor drive, and dual ADC modules for simultaneous sampling. The -E suffix denotes the extended industrial temperature grade, and the /PT suffix denotes a 64-pin TQFP in tray packaging. Technically, the device executes from flash at up to 70 MIPS with a hardware DSP engine supporting single-cycle multiply-accumulate, essential for digital filtering, transform-based algorithms, and field-oriented motor control. Its operating voltage range of 3.0V to 3.6V supports standard single-supply designs with an internal regulator and PLL clocking options for flexible timing. Typical applications include digital power supplies and LED drivers, brushless DC and PMSM motor control, USB-connected industrial instruments, and audio or sensor signal-processing nodes where DSP throughput and deterministic control loops are required. Design consideration: budget flash and SRAM carefully - the 128KB flash is non-upgradeable in this MPN; if code growth is expected, consider the pin-compatible 256KB DSPIC33EP256MU506 variant. This page synthesizes distributor inventory data, drop-in alternative cross-references, and practical design guidance not consolidated in the manufacturer datasheet.
DSPIC33EP128MU506-H/PT - 16-Bit DSC 128KB Flash USB | Microchip
The Microchip Technology DSPIC33EP128MU506-H/PT is a 16-bit digital signal controller (DSC) with 128 KB Flash program memory, 16 KB RAM, and 1 KB data Flash, housed in a 64-pin TQFP (10x10x1 mm) package. It combines a 70 MIPS dsPIC33E DSC core with integrated DSP instructions, a 12-bit ADC, three operational amplifiers, motor control PWM, USB, CAN, and a rich set of serial peripherals. A digital signal controller is a hybrid device that merges the real-time control capabilities of a microcontroller with the math throughput of a digital signal processor. In the system hierarchy, a DSC sits between a general-purpose MCU and a dedicated DSP: it executes control loops, motor commutation, and digital filtering in a single chip. The dsPIC33E family is Microchip's mainstream DSC line for motor control, digital power conversion, and embedded audio. Key features of the DSPIC33EP128MU506-H/PT include 128 KB of Flash, 16 KB of RAM, a 12-bit ADC, three on-chip op-amps, motor control PWM (MC PWM), a quadrature encoder interface (QEI), a peripheral trigger generator (PTG), USB, CAN, UART, SPI, I2C, and a charge time measurement unit (CTMU). The -H suffix denotes the high-temperature grade, and the /PT suffix denotes the 64-pin TQFP package. The device is built on Microchip's dsPIC33E core, which executes most instructions in a single cycle at up to 70 MIPS. The integrated DSP engine supports fractional arithmetic and a 40-bit accumulator, enabling single-cycle multiply-accumulate operations for digital filters and field-oriented control loops. The 12-bit ADC and three op-amps allow direct analog signal conditioning without external front-end components. Typical applications include brushless DC (BLDC) and permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) control, digital power supplies, USB-connected industrial instrumentation, automotive sensor interfaces, and embedded audio processing. The combination of USB, CAN, and motor control peripherals makes the device suitable for connected motor drives and smart actuators. When designing with this DSC, pay close attention to the analog supply decoupling and the placement of the ADC reference pins, since the 12-bit ADC accuracy depends on a clean AVDD/AVSS pair. The high-temperature -H grade requires derating of the internal oscillator and careful thermal via placement under the exposed pad. This page synthesizes distributor pricing, drop-in alternatives, and practical design notes not found in the manufacturer datasheet, giving engineers a single reference for selection, cross-reference, and layout decisions.
DSPIC33EP16GS202-E/M6 - 16-Bit DSC, 16KB Flash, 70 MIPS | Microchip
The Microchip Technology DSPIC33EP16GS202-E/M6 is a 16-bit digital signal controller (DSC) from the dsPIC33EP16GS202 family for digital power applications, featuring 16KB of Flash program memory, an operating speed of up to 70 MIPS, and an extended temperature range of -40C to +125C in a 28-pin UQFN (4x4 mm) exposed-pad package (package code M6). A digital signal controller combines the computational throughput of a DSP with the peripheral integration and deterministic control behavior of a microcontroller. Within the power-management hierarchy, a DSC sits at the heart of closed-loop switched-mode power supplies (SMPS), replacing analog control loops with firmware-based compensators, PWM generation, and high-speed feedback sampling. Key features include the interconnected high-speed PWM module with advanced edge and center-aligned modes, complementary outputs, dead-time insertion, and fault protection that are purpose-built for power conversion topologies such as buck, boost, LLC, and power factor correction. The device integrates a high-speed ADC with multiple sample-and-hold circuits and an on-chip DAC plus analog comparators, enabling extremely short conversion-to-response latency inside a single switching cycle. Peripheral Pin Select (PPS) allows flexible remapping of digital functions, and support for In-Circuit Serial Programming (ICSP) and IEEE 1149.2 compatible JTAG boundary scan simplifies development and production test. Technically, the dsPIC33EP core executes an enhanced instruction set with DSP-oriented features including a barrel shifter, dual fetch, and single-cycle MAC operations, all clocked from an internal PLL that reaches the maximum core frequency from an economical external crystal. The core operates from a single 3.0V to 3.6V supply (nominal 3.3V). According to Microchip product data, the dsPIC33EP16GS202 is in production and the E-suffix variant is suited to harsh ambient environments; distributor listings also note AEC-Q100 automotive qualification for the family. Typical applications include interleaved power factor correction (as demonstrated in Microchip's Interleaved PFC reference design for SMPS dsPIC DSCs), digital AC-DC and DC-DC converters, LED drivers, and battery chargers, where cycle-accurate PWM plus fast ADC feedback determines loop bandwidth and transient response. A key design consideration: the exposed pad of the UQFN-28 package must be soldered to a grounded copper pour to achieve the rated thermal performance at +125C ambient operation. This page synthesizes distributor pricing, drop-in family alternatives, and practical design notes not found in the manufacturer datasheet. Pricing is shown as of 2026-09-24.
DSPIC33EP16GS202-E/MM - 16-Bit 60MIPS DSC | Microchip
The Microchip Technology DSPIC33EP16GS202-E/MM is a 16-bit digital signal controller (DSC) delivering up to 60 MIPS from 16 KB (16K x 8) of Flash program memory, housed in a 28-pin QFN-S (6x6 mm) package with exposed pad and rated from -40C to +125C. A digital signal controller combines the computational architecture of a digital signal processor (DSP) with the peripheral set and ease of use of a microcontroller (MCU). Within the power-management hierarchy, a DSC sits above a general-purpose MCU in math throughput, making it a common choice as the control IC in switch-mode power supplies (SMPS), power factor correction stages, and closed-loop digital control systems. Key features of this GS-series part include the dsPIC33EP core with DSP engine, an on-chip high-speed 12-bit ADC tailored for power-conversion feedback loops, a DAC, multiple PWM (Power PWM) modules for switcher control, and AEC-Q100 qualification for automotive environments. The device operates from a 3.3 V supply, and the family data sheet (DS70005208E, 344 pages) documents the separate program and data memory spaces and buses that underpin the 16-bit architecture. Technically, the dsPIC33EPXXGS202 family targets digital power applications: fast ADC sampling synchronized to PWM events enables current-mode control at switching frequencies typical of modern SMPS designs, while hardware DSP multiply-accumulate instructions offload loop-filter arithmetic from software. The exposed-pad QFN package provides low-inductance grounding, important for noisy power electronics. Typical applications include AC-DC and DC-DC power supplies, interleaved power factor correction (PFC) - Microchip publishes an Interleaved PFC reference design for this controller producing up to 350 W from universal input - LED drivers, and automotive auxiliary power systems. A key design consideration is thermal: in extended-temperature (-40C to +125C) designs, verify junction temperature using the exposed pad, which must be soldered to a grounded copper pour for reliable heat transfer. This page synthesizes distributor pricing, drop-in alternatives, design notes, and application guidance not found in the manufacturer datasheet alone, adding value for sourcing and design engineers.
DSPIC33EP16GS202-E/SS - 16-Bit 70MIPS Digital Power DSC | Microchip
The Microchip Technology DSPIC33EP16GS202-E/SS is a 16-bit Digital Signal Controller (DSC) delivering up to 70 MIPS from 16 KB of Flash program memory, housed in a 28-pin SSOP package with an extended -40C to +125C operating temperature range. A Digital Signal Controller combines the compute architecture of a digital signal processor (DSP) with the peripherals and ease of use of a microcontroller (MCU). In the power-management hierarchy, the dsPIC33EP16GS202 sits above general-purpose MCUs by adding DSP engine instructions, a barrel shifter, and dedicated digital-power peripherals, making it a single-chip replacement for discrete analog power-supply control loops. Key features include the Interconnected High-Speed PWM module designed for switching power supplies, a high-speed ADC for fast feedback sampling, an on-chip DAC, analog comparators, and a Programmable Gain Amplifier (PGA). The device operates from a 3.0V to 3.6V supply (nominal 3.3V) and supports In-Circuit Serial Programming (ICSP) via any PGECx/PGEDx pin pair. Architecturally, the dsPIC33E core features separate program and data memory spaces and buses (Harvard architecture), a 16-bit program memory width, and DSP multiply-accumulate capability, enabling deterministic control-loop execution for peak-current-mode and voltage-mode converters. Typical applications include switched-mode power supply (SMPS) control, power factor correction (PFC) stages, digital LED drivers, and hashboard/supervisor control in computing hardware, where the part is widely used as the primary control MCU. Design consideration: use MPLAB X with the PICkit or SNAP programmer, and always pair PGEC and PGED pins as a matched pair for ICSP. This page synthesizes distributor pricing, drop-in family alternatives, and practical design notes not found in the manufacturer datasheet.
DSPIC33EP16GS202-I/M6 - 70 MIPS Digital Power DSC | Microchip
The Microchip Technology DSPIC33EP16GS202-I/M6 is a 16-bit digital signal controller (DSC) delivering up to 70 MIPS (140 MHz internal clock) with 16 KB of Flash program memory, housed in a 28-pin UQFN (4x4 mm) package with exposed pad. A digital signal controller combines the computational throughput of a DSP core with the peripheral integration and deterministic interrupt handling of a microcontroller. In the power-management hierarchy, the dsPIC33EP16GS202 sits in Microchip's digital-power-optimized dsPIC33EP GS family: MCU/DSC -> digital signal controller -> power conversion controller -> embedded control semiconductor. This makes it a purpose-built replacement for analog loop controllers in switched-mode power conversion. Key features include an interconnected high-speed PWM module purpose-built for power-supply topologies, a high-speed 12-bit ADC with sample rates suited to current-loop control, on-chip comparators, a programmable gain amplifier (PGA), and on-chip DAC references. Connectivity covers I2C, SPI, and UART, with 21 general-purpose I/O. The device operates from a 3.0V to 3.6V single supply and is rated from -40C to +85C. Architecturally, the 16-bit Harvard core with DSP instruction extensions executes MAC and other multiply-accumulate operations in a single cycle, enabling execution of Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) compensation loops at switching frequencies in the hundreds of kilohertz. The interconnected PWM supports phase-shifted, complementary, and current-mode topologies with fast analog comparators wired directly to PWM fault inputs for cycle-by-cycle current limiting. Typical applications include switch-mode power supplies (SMPS), interleaved power factor correction (PFC), digital LED drivers, and solar/battery charger power stages. Per Microchip's product page, the part is In Production and targeted at Digital Power SMPS with High Speed ADC and DAC support. Design consideration: use any matched PGECx/PGEDx pair for ICSP programming; for example, if PGEC2 is used for ICSPCLK, ICSPDAT must use PGED2. This page synthesizes distributor listings, drop-in alternatives, and practical design notes not found in the manufacturer datasheet.
DSPIC33EP16GS202-I/SO - 16-Bit DSC, 70 MIPS, 16KB Flash | Microchip
The Microchip Technology DSPIC33EP16GS202-I/SO is a 16-bit digital signal controller (DSC) delivering 70 MIPS performance with 16KB of Flash memory, operating at 3.3V in a 28-pin SOIC (7.50mm width) package, purpose-built for digital power applications such as switched-mode power supplies (SMPS). A digital signal controller combines the computational throughput of a DSP with the peripheral integration and ease of use of a microcontroller. Within the power-management hierarchy, the dsPIC33EP16GS family sits above generic MCUs and below dedicated digital power ASICs, offering programmable control loops for AC-DC converters, DC-DC converters, power factor correction (PFC), battery chargers, and lighting ballasts. The DSC category is central to modern SMPS design, where firmware-defined control replaces analog compensation networks. Key features include the 70 MIPS dsPIC33EP core with DSP engine, dedicated high-speed PWM peripherals for power conversion, an analog front end comprising high-speed ADC channels, a DAC, programmable gain amplifiers (PGA), and analog comparators as confirmed by distributor listings. According to the Microchip product page, the device status is In Production and it targets Digital Power SMPS, High Speed ADC, and DAC applications. Architecturally, the dsPIC33EP16GS202 pairs a 16-bit pipelined core with single-cycle MAC and DSP instructions, enabling fast execution of PID and predictive control algorithms at switching frequencies in the hundreds of kHz range. The integrated analog subsystem allows direct connection of current and voltage sense signals, reducing external component count and BOM cost in power stages. Typical applications include interleaved power factor correction (a Microchip reference design for this exact part targets PFC), digital SMPS control, LED lighting power supplies, and solar/battery charging converters where deterministic loop timing and fast analog feedback are mandatory. Design consideration: the 28-pin SOIC provides 25 I/O-max pin options; carefully allocate PWM, ADC, and communication pins early, since digital power designs typically need current-sense ADC channels paired with specific PWM modules for synchronized sampling. This page synthesizes distributor pricing, drop-in alternatives, pinout guidance, and practical design notes not consolidated on the manufacturer datasheet alone.
DSPIC33EP16GS202-I/SS - 70 MIPS 16-Bit Digital Power DSC | Microchip
The Microchip Technology DSPIC33EP16GS202-I/SS is a 16-bit digital signal controller (DSC) delivering up to 70 MIPS at a 140 MHz internal core clock, with 16 KB of flash program memory, 2 KB of RAM, and an interconnected high-speed PWM, ADC, PGA, and comparator system for digital power applications, housed in a 28-pin SSOP package. A digital signal controller combines the computational throughput of a digital signal processor with the peripheral integration and deterministic control of a microcontroller. In the power-management hierarchy, a DSC sits between a general-purpose MCU and a dedicated SMPS controller IC: it executes closed-loop control algorithms (such as voltage-mode, current-mode, or nonlinear control for switching power supplies) while simultaneously handling housekeeping tasks, making it the core of software-defined power conversion. Key differentiating features include the Interconnected High-Speed 12-bit PWM module with dedicated time bases and sub-module synchronization, an on-chip 10-bit/12-bit ADC paired with a programmable gain amplifier (PGA), two analog comparators for fast overcurrent protection, and peripheral interconnection that lets ADC results trigger PWM updates without CPU intervention, minimizing control-loop latency. Architecturally, the dsPIC33EP core is a modified Harvard 16-bit processor with DSP instruction extensions, two 40-bit accumulators, and hardware division, executing from a 3.0V to 3.6V supply. The device operates from -40C to +125C in the industrial temperature range designated by the -I suffix, and supports In-Circuit Serial Programming (ICSP) via MPLAB SNAP or ICD programmers. Typical applications include AC-DC and DC-DC switching power supplies, interleaved power factor correction (PFC), LED drivers, battery chargers, and uninterruptible power supply (UPS) control, where the PWM resolution and fast analog comparators enable tight regulation and cycle-by-cycle current limiting. A key design consideration: the device requires a clean 3.3V regulated supply and proper layout of the high-speed PWM and analog grounds; use separate AVDD/AVSS decoupling and place the PWM outputs away from sensitive analog routing. This page synthesizes verified distributor data, same-family drop-in alternatives, pinout information, and practical digital-power design notes not found in a single datasheet page, providing engineers with a one-stop selection resource.
DSPIC33EP16GS202T-E/MX - 16-Bit 60 MIPS DSC 16KB Flash UQFN-28 | Microchip
The Microchip Technology DSPIC33EP16GS202T-E/MX is a 16-bit dsPIC33EP Digital Signal Controller (DSC) delivering up to 60 MIPS performance, 16KB (16K x 8) of Flash program memory, and automotive-grade AEC-Q100 qualification, housed in a 28-pin UQFN (6x6 mm) exposed-pad package. It belongs to the dsPIC 33EP GS-series family optimized for digital power conversion and functional safety (FuSa) applications. A Digital Signal Controller combines the computational architecture of a microcontroller with DSP capability in a single device. In the power-management hierarchy, a DSC sits between a general-purpose MCU and a dedicated DSP: it runs real-time control loops for switching power supplies while also handling system housekeeping tasks, making it the de-facto controller class for digitally controlled SMPS designs. Key features include the GS-series high-speed PWM peripherals designed for power conversion, integrated analog (ADC with supporting analog blocks), 3.3V single-supply operation, extended temperature operation from -40C to +125C, and Functional Safety (FuSa) support per DigiKey categorization. The 28-UQFN package with exposed pad provides compact footprint and low thermal resistance for dense power boards. Technically, the dsPIC33EP core is a 16-bit modified Harvard architecture with DSP instructions, and the GS-series integrates peripherals targeted at switched-mode power supplies. According to Microchip reference material, the dsPIC33EP16GS202 is used in an Interleaved Power Factor Correction reference design delivering up to 350W from universal AC input, illustrating the family's digital-power pedigree. Typical applications include digital SMPS and PFC stages, LED drivers, battery chargers, and automotive power modules where AEC-Q100 qualification is required. Design consideration: verify operating speed in your firmware configuration; distributor listings cite both 60 MIPS (DigiKey) and 70 MIPS (Mouser) - the datasheet DS70005208E is authoritative. This page synthesizes distributor pricing, same-family drop-in alternatives, and design notes not found in the manufacturer datasheet.