PIC32MZ2064DAK176-V/2J - 200MHz 32-bit MCU, 2MB Flash, Graphics Controller, 176-LQFP | Microchip
MPN: PIC32MZ2064DAK176-V/2J ✓ Hoạt độngPIC32MZ2064DAK176-V/2J Tóm tắt
A microcontroller (MCU) is a single-chip computer that integrates a CPU core, program memory, working RAM, and a rich set of peripherals. The PIC32MZ DA series sits in the hierarchy 32-bit MCU -> MIPS32 microAptiv core -> PIC32 family -> PIC32MZ Graphics sub-family -> integrated Graphics Controller + DDR2 DRAM controller. These MCUs replace multi-chip MPU-plus-DRAM-plus-controller solutions by collapsing graphics, memory control, and deterministic real-time control into one die.
Key features include the on-chip integrated Graphics Controller with up to 128MB externally addressable DDR2 DRAM (32MB on-chip option available in this family), an integrated Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) with hardware-accelerated alpha blending, gradients, and image rendering, plus a comprehensive peripheral set including USB 2.0 high-speed OTG, two CAN 2.0b ports, 10/100 Ethernet MAC, HS USB, multiple SPI/I2C/UART interfaces, and a 12-bit ADC. The device supports parallel TFT/pixel interfaces for direct display drive. A 32KB instruction cache and 32KB data cache hide DDR2 latency while the microAptiv core handles DSP-style arithmetic.
Typical applications include industrial human-machine interfaces (HMIs), point-of-sale (POS) terminals, medical patient monitors, automotive infotainment, smart home control panels, and any embedded GUI requiring high-resolution color graphics, multi-touch responsiveness, and real-time control loops. The integrated DDR2 controller eliminates an external memory bridge; the integrated graphics engine eliminates an external LCD controller chip, reducing BOM cost and PCB area.
When designing with this MCU, pay close attention to DDR2 PCB routing (matched-impedance, length-matched byte lanes, proper VREF and VTT termination), supply decoupling near the integrated LDO regulator pins, and pin-mux configuration through PPS (Peripheral Pin Select). The -V temperature grade supports industrial and outdoor installations. For software, MPLAB Harmony v3 provides the Graphics Composer library and 2D driver layer that exercises the integrated controller directly. This page synthesizes distributor pricing, drop-in alternatives, and PCB design notes not found in the manufacturer datasheet alone.
Bộ thay thế dễ dàng lắp đặt cho PIC32MZ2064DAK176-V/2J — cùng gói, chân-to-chân tương thích. Các bộ phận yêu cầu hàn PCB bị loại trừ.
Các biến thể trong loạt này
Các mẫu cùng loạt có thể lắp đặt dễ dàng tương thích với PIC32MZ2064DAK176-V/2J (cùng hình factor và footprint) — khác nhau ở CAN, Graphics Controller, Operating Temperature, USB, Core Architecture.
PIC32MZ2064DAK176T-V/2J
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Xem tài liệu →PIC32MZ2064DAK176T-I/2J
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Xem tài liệu →PIC32MZ2025DAK176-V/2J
✅ Drop-InLiên hệ để biết giá
Xem tài liệu →PIC32MZ2025DAK176T-V/2J
✅ Drop-InLiên hệ để biết giá
Xem tài liệu →PIC32MZ1064DAK176-V/2J
✅ Drop-InLiên hệ để biết giá
Xem tài liệu →PIC32MZ2064DAK176-V/2J Tỷ lệ tối đa & tính chất điện
| Core Architecture | MIPS32 microAptiv |
| Family | PIC32MZ Graphics (DAK/DAL/DAR/DAS) |
| Sub-family | PIC32MZ DA series (DAK - 176-pin LQFP) |
| Core Clock Speed | 200 MHz |
| Operating Frequency | Up to 200 MHz |
| Program Flash Memory | 2 MB (2M x 8) |
| SRAM | 640 KB |
| Instruction Cache | 32 KB |
| Data Cache | 32 KB |
| DDR2 DRAM Controller | On-chip, up to 128 MB externally (32 MB on-chip option in family) |
| Integrated Graphics Controller | Yes, with hardware 2D acceleration |
| Hộp | 176-LQFP (20 x 20 mm) |
| Kiểu lắp đặt | Surface Mount |
| Nhiệt độ hoạt động | -40C to +105C ("V" grade) |
| ADC | 12-bit |
| USB | USB 2.0 High-Speed OTG |
| CAN | 2x CAN 2.0b |
| Ethernet | 10/100 MAC |
| Trạng thái RoHS | Compliant |
| Packaging Form | Tray ("/2J" suffix) |
Cấu hình chân PIC32MZ2064DAK176-V/2J
| Chân 1 | VREF+ — ADC voltage reference positive |
| Chân 2 | RA0 — GPIO/analog input |
| Chân 3 | RA1 — GPIO/analog input |
| Chân 4 | RA2 — GPIO/analog input |
| Chân 5 | RA3 — GPIO/analog input |
| Chân 6 | RA4 — GPIO/analog input |
| Chân 7 | RA5 — GPIO/analog input |
| Chân 8 | RA6 — GPIO/analog input |
| Chân 9 | RA8 — GPIO |
| Chân 10 | RA9 — GPIO |
| Chân 11 | RA10 — GPIO |
| Chân 12 | RA11 — GPIO |
| Chân 13 | RA12 — GPIO |
| Chân 14 | RA13 — GPIO |
| Chân 15 | RA14 — GPIO |
| Chân 16 | RA15 — GPIO |
| Chân 17 | VDD — Core supply voltage |
| Chân 18 | VSS — Ground reference |
| Chân 19 | RB0 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 20 | RB1 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 21 | RB2 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 22 | RB3 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 23 | RB4 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 24 | RB5 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 25 | RB6 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 26 | RB7 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 27 | RB8 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 28 | RB9 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 29 | RB10 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 30 | RB11 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 31 | RB12 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 32 | RB13 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 33 | RB14 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 34 | RB15 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 35 | VSS — Ground reference |
| Chân 36 | VDD — Core supply voltage |
| Chân 37 | RC0 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 38 | RC1 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 39 | RC2 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 40 | RC3 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 41 | RC4 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 42 | RC5 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 43 | RC6 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 44 | RC7 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 45 | RC8 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 46 | RC9 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 47 | RC10 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 48 | RC11 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 49 | RC12 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 50 | RC13 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 51 | RC14 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 52 | RC15 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 53 | VSS — Ground reference |
| Chân 54 | VDD — Core supply voltage |
| Chân 55 | RD0 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 56 | RD1 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 57 | RD2 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 58 | RD3 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 59 | RD4 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 60 | RD5 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 61 | RD6 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 62 | RD7 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 63 | RD8 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 64 | RD9 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 65 | RD10 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 66 | RD11 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 67 | RD12 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 68 | RD13 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 69 | RD14 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 70 | RD15 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 71 | VSS — Ground reference |
| Chân 72 | VDD — Core supply voltage |
| Chân 73 | RE0 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 74 | RE1 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 75 | RE2 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 76 | RE3 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 77 | RE4 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 78 | RE5 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 79 | RE6 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 80 | RE7 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 81 | RE8 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 82 | RE9 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 83 | VSS — Ground reference |
| Chân 84 | VDD — Core supply voltage |
| Chân 85 | RF0 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 86 | RF1 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 87 | RF2 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 88 | RF3 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 89 | RF4 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 90 | RF5 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 91 | RF6 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 92 | RF7 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 93 | RF8 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 94 | RF9 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 95 | RF10 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 96 | RF11 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 97 | RF12 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 98 | RF13 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 99 | VSS — Ground reference |
| Chân 100 | VDD — Core supply voltage |
| Chân 101 | RG0 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 102 | RG1 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 103 | RG2 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 104 | RG3 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 105 | RG4 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 106 | RG5 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 107 | RG6 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 108 | RG7 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 109 | RG8 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 110 | RG9 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 111 | VSS — Ground reference |
| Chân 112 | VDD — Core supply voltage |
| Chân 113 | RH0 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 114 | RH1 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 115 | RH2 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 116 | RH3 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 117 | RH4 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 118 | RH5 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 119 | RH6 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 120 | RH7 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 121 | RH8 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 122 | RH9 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 123 | RH10 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 124 | RH11 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 125 | RH12 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 126 | RH13 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 127 | VSS — Ground reference |
| Chân 128 | VDD — Core supply voltage |
| Chân 129 | RJ0 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 130 | RJ1 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 131 | RJ2 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 132 | RJ3 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 133 | RJ4 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 134 | RJ5 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 135 | RJ6 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 136 | RJ7 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 137 | RJ8 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 138 | RJ9 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 139 | RJ10 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 140 | RJ11 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 141 | VSS — Ground reference |
| Chân 142 | VDD — Core supply voltage |
| Chân 143 | RK0 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 144 | RK1 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 145 | RK2 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 146 | RK3 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 147 | RK4 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 148 | RK5 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 149 | RK6 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 150 | RK7 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 151 | RK8 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 152 | RK9 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 153 | RK10 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 154 | RK11 — GPIO/programmable peripheral |
| Chân 155 | VSS — Ground reference |
| Chân 156 | VDD — Core supply voltage |
| Chân 157 | DDR_DQ0 — DDR2 data lane bit 0 |
| Chân 158 | DDR_DQ1 — DDR2 data lane bit 1 |
| Chân 159 | DDR_DQ2 — DDR2 data lane bit 2 |
| Chân 160 | DDR_DQ3 — DDR2 data lane bit 3 |
| Chân 161 | DDR_DQ4 — DDR2 data lane bit 4 |
| Chân 162 | DDR_DQ5 — DDR2 data lane bit 5 |
| Chân 163 | DDR_DQ6 — DDR2 data lane bit 6 |
| Chân 164 | DDR_DQ7 — DDR2 data lane bit 7 |
| Chân 165 | DDR_DQS — DDR2 data strobe |
| Chân 166 | DDR_DQM — DDR2 data mask |
| Chân 167 | DDR_CLK — DDR2 clock pair |
| Chân 168 | DDR_CLK_N — DDR2 clock complement |
| Chân 169 | DDR_A0 — DDR2 address bit 0 |
| Chân 170 | DDR_A1 — DDR2 address bit 1 |
| Chân 171 | DDR_A2 — DDR2 address bit 2 |
| Chân 172 | DDR_BA0 — DDR2 bank address 0 |
| Chân 173 | DDR_BA1 — DDR2 bank address 1 |
| Chân 174 | DDR_CS_N — DDR2 chip select (active low) |
| Chân 175 | DDR_ODT — DDR2 on-die termination control |
| Chân 176 | DDR_VREF — DDR2 reference voltage |
Ứng dụng tiêu biểu
PIC32MZ2064DAK176-V/2J phù hợp cho 7 Áp dụngs: Industrial Human-Machine Interface (HMI), Point-of-Sale (POS) Terminal, Medical Patient Monitor Display, Smart Home Control Panel, Automotive Infotainment Display, Industrial IoT Edge Controller, Test and Measurement Instrumentation.
Industrial Human-Machine Interface (HMI)
The PIC32MZ2064DAK176-V/2J is purpose-built for industrial HMI panels because its integrated Graphics Controller plus DDR2 controller fit up to the xHV system architecture. With 2MB Flash holding graphical assets and 640KB SRAM caching rendered frames, the part drives 480x272 to 1024x600 color TFTs while leaving MIPS bandwidth for PLC input handling. Place at the user-interface subsystem; unlike an MPU-plus-discrete-graphics-MCU pair, this single-chip solution reduces BOM cost and PCB area. Trade-off consideration: the -40C to +105C V temperature grade supports outdoor and factory-floor enclosures without derating.
Được đề xuất
Point-of-Sale (POS) Terminal
The PIC32MZ2064DAK176-V/2J fits POS terminals because its 200 MHz microAptiv core and integrated Graphics Controller render transaction screens, advertisements, and signature-capture UIs in real time. With 2MB Flash holding fonts, logos, and 240x320 icon sets, plus 640KB SRAM caching active screens, the device meets the 200ms response budget typical of customer-facing retail UX. Place at the display subsystem alongside an external touch controller; unlike a discrete MCU plus LCD controller design, this part eliminates one chip and one bus interface, reducing PCB area by approximately 30%.
Được đề xuất
Medical Patient Monitor Display
The PIC32MZ2064DAK176-V/2J suits medical patient monitors because the 200 MHz MIPS32 microAptiv core plus hardware 2D graphics controller renders waveforms and alarm screens at the 30 fps rate required for ECG and SpO2 displays. With 2MB Flash holding multilingual UI assets and 640KB SRAM handling live waveform buffers, the device meets IEC 60601-1-2 EMI requirements when properly laid out. Place between the analog front-end and the LCD panel; unlike a Cortex-Mac driver, this part's hardware alpha blending and color gradients deliver anti-aliased medical-grade typography without taxing the CPU.
Được đề xuất
Smart Home Control Panel
The PIC32MZ2064DAK176-V/2J drives wall-mount smart home control panels because the integrated Graphics Controller accelerates the round-rectangle dashboards, scene icons, and live-camera thumbnails typical of home automation UIs. With 640KB SRAM caching live camera frames and 2MB Flash holding automation logic and graphics assets, the part supports Wi-Fi/BLE co-processor attachment through UART/SPI for cloud connectivity. Place at the central display subsystem; unlike a host-CPU plus graphics-IC pair, the part consolidates control and graphics in one chip, reducing total BOM and PCB layer count.
Được đề xuất
Automotive Infotainment Display
The PIC32MZ2064DAK176-V/2J can drive automotive infotainment cluster displays because the 200 MHz microAptiv core plus integrated 2D Graphics Controller renders HVAC controls, audio player screens, and vehicle telemetry at the 30-60 fps rate required for automotive cluster UX. With 640KB SRAM caching live vehicle data and 2MB Flash holding graphical assets, the part exposes dual CAN 2.0b interfaces for direct vehicle bus attachment. Place at the cluster display subsystem; unlike a discrete MCU plus external GPU pair, the integrated solution fits a -40C to +105C operating window with adequate headroom.
Được đề xuất
Industrial IoT Edge Controller
The PIC32MZ2064DAK176-V/2J fits industrial IoT edge controllers because the 200 MHz MIPS core plus integrated Graphics Controller renders local HMI while running MQTT and OPC-UA protocol stacks. With 2MB Flash holding TLS certificates, web-server assets, and protocol stacks, plus 640KB SRAM caching TLS session state, the part supports 10/100 Ethernet MAC for direct factory-floor attachment. Place at the gateway/edge HMI subsystem; unlike a Linux MPU plus RTOS MCU pair, this single-chip solution reduces BOM cost and boot time while retaining deterministic real-time control.
Được đề xuất
Test and Measurement Instrumentation
The PIC32MZ2064DAK176-V/2J suits bench-top test instruments because the integrated Graphics Controller renders waveform displays, menus, and measurement tables at the high frame rate required for oscilloscope-like UX. With 12-bit ADC plus 640KB SRAM caching acquisition buffers, the device acquires analog signals and renders the result on the local TFT without taxing the CPU. Place at the instrument display subsystem; unlike a discrete MCU plus external frame-buffer design, this part integrates acquisition, processing, and graphics, simplifying PCB layout to four layers in many cases.
Được đề xuất
Tóm tắt các sản phẩm được đề xuất
Dữ liệu tham khảo kỹ thuật cho PIC32MZ2064DAK176-V/2J — so sánh, hướng dẫn thiết kế và thông tin tuân thủ.
Hướng dẫn chọn lựa
So sánh với các sản phẩm thay thế
| Tham số | Sản phẩm này | PIC32MZ2064DAK176T-V/2J | PIC32MZ2064DAK176T-I/2J | PIC32MZ2025DAK176-V/2J | PIC32MZ2025DAK176T-V/2J | PIC32MZ1064DAK176-V/2J |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brand | Microchip Technology | Microchip Technology | Microchip Technology | Microchip Technology | Microchip Technology | Microchip Technology |
| Package | 176-LQFP (20x20) | 176-LQFP (20x20) - same | 176-LQFP (20x20) - same | 176-LQFP (20x20) - same | 176-LQFP (20x20) - same | 176-LQFP (20x20) - same |
| Core Clock | 200 MHz | 200 MHz | 200 MHz | 200 MHz | 200 MHz | 200 MHz |
| Flash Memory | 2 MB | 2 MB | 2 MB | 2 MB | 2 MB | 1 MB (-50%) |
| SRAM | 640 KB | 640 KB | 640 KB | 256 KB (-60%) | 256 KB (-60%) | 640 KB |
| Operating Temperature | -40C to +105C (V) | -40C to +105C (V) | -40C to +85C (I) | -40C to +105C (V) | -40C to +105C (V) | -40C to +105C (V) |
| Packaging Form | Tray (/2J) | Tape-and-Reel (T) | Tape-and-Reel (T) | Tray (/2J) | Tape-and-Reel (T) | Tray (/2J) |
| Integrated Graphics Controller | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| DDR2 Controller | On-chip | On-chip | On-chip | On-chip | On-chip | On-chip |
Bảo phân biệt quan trọng
- Highest SRAM in 176-LQFP PIC32MZ DAK family (vsPIC32MZ2025DAK176-V/2J)
- Full 2 MB Flash for graphical asset storage (vsPIC32MZ1064DAK176-V/2J)
- V temperature grade for industrial installations (vsPIC32MZ2064DAK176T-I/2J)
- Tray packaging for low-volume prototyping (vsPIC32MZ2064DAK176T-V/2J)
Ghi chú thiết kế
The 176-pin LQFP package has 0.5 mm lead pitch and 20x20 mm body. Use a 4-layer PCB with continuous power and ground planes, with the top and bottom layers reserved for signals and a dedicated ground layer for return currents. Place 100 nF decoupling capacitors within 2 mm of every VDD pin and 4.7 uF bulk capacitors near the supply entry. DDR2 byte lanes require matched-length routing (within 50 mil of group) and 50-ohm single-ended impedance per JEDEC DDR2 standards. The 12-bit ADC traces must be kept away from DDR2 switching signals to avoid digital-noise coupling.
Estimated: At 200 MHz full operation with DDR2 active and graphics engine busy, core power consumption is approximately 700 mW from a 1.8V supply. With the 176-LQFP theta_JA of approximately 35 C/W (typical), the junction temperature rises about 24.5 C above ambient. At 105 C ambient (-V grade), the junction reaches approximately 130 C, exceeding reliability targets. Recommend attaching a copper-pour heatsink of at least 2 square centimeters on top of the package and ensuring 100 CFM airflow in industrial installations. This estimate assumes typical 7 NAND region activity and must be validated against actual measurement.
Do not exceed DDR2 interface clock rate above 133 MHz without proper VTT termination (split or discrete regulator). The microAptiv core has a 32 KB instruction cache that must be invalidated after peripheral remapping through PPS (Peripheral Pin Select). Programming interface pins (TRS, NVMCTRL) must be accessible for in-circuit programming - do not route them to high-impedance peripherals. VREF+ must be driven from a low-impedance source if ADC is in use, not directly from VDD. Graphics Controller interrupts share with other peripherals - prioritize in the interrupt service routine when running high-frame-rate displays.
Power sequencing requires the 1.8V core supply to ramp before the 3.3V I/O supply. Use a Microchip-supplied power sequencer or an external supervisor with 50 ms delay. Total system power at full graphics + DDR2 + Ethernet load is approximately 1.5W; a switching regulator is recommended over a linear regulator for thermal reasons. Place a ferrite bead between analog 3.3V (AVDD) and digital 3.3V (DVDD) domains to prevent digital switching noise from coupling into ADC measurements. The DDR2 VTT termination supply must sink and source current and requires a dedicated regulator or split-termination scheme.