MOS6581 - 3-Voice FM Synthesizer Sound Chip | Commodore MOS | C64 Audio
料号： MOS6581 ✗ 停产| 数量 | 单价 | 小计 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | $89 | $89.00 |
| 10 | $75 | $750.00 |
| 100 | $62 | $6,200.00 |
| 500 | $55 | $27,500.00 |
| 1,000 | $48 | $48,000.00 |
MOS6581 概述
A sound chip (or programmable sound generator, PSG) is a dedicated semiconductor that synthesizes audio under CPU control, sitting between the system bus and the analog output stage. SID belongs to the family of analog synthesis ICs - alongside later digital successors such as the Yamaha YM2149 and General Instrument AY-3-8910 - and is notable for being one of the first single-chip devices to combine subtractive synthesis (oscillators + filter) with programmable waveforms in a consumer computer.
Key features of the MOS6581 include three independent voices each offering four selectable waveforms (triangle, sawtooth, variable-pulse, and noise), a 12-bit frequency resolution per voice, a global 4-bit volume control with four volume modes, and three analog filter modes (low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, plus notch combinations). The chip's signature warm, slightly distorted sound comes from its analog filter, which has become a defining audio characteristic of the Commodore 64 and a sought-after timbre in chiptune and electronic music production.
Typical applications include the original Commodore 64/128 sound subsystem, chiptune music hardware and software synthesizers, retro-computing restoration boards, MIDI-to-SID adapter projects, and educational tools for teaching subtractive synthesis. Modern FPGA implementations such as those in the MiSTer platform reproduce the analog behavior bit-true, while the ARMSID and SIDKick Pico devices provide plug-compatible physical replacements.
When designing with the MOS6581, engineers must consider that it draws power directly from the host computer's 5V and 12V rails and produces significant analog heat during operation. Replacement or refurbishment boards such as ARMSID and SIDKick Pico offer lower noise and modern reliability while retaining register-level compatibility with the original chip.
直接替换替代料： MOS6581 ——相同封装，引脚兼容。需要 PCB 改动的不同封装料号已排除。
快速对比工具——选择替代料号进行并排对比：
MOS8580
✅ 直接替换📋 参考替代料（不在目录中）
ARMSID
✅ 直接替换📋 参考替代料（不在目录中）
SIDKick Pico
✅ 直接替换📋 参考替代料（不在目录中）
Nano SwinSID
✅ 直接替换📋 参考替代料（不在目录中）
SwinSID Nano
✅ 直接替换📋 参考替代料（不在目录中）
MOS6581 规格参数
| Manufacturer | Commodore Semiconductor Group (MOS Technology) |
| Part Number | MOS6581 (SID - Sound Interface Device) |
| Architecture | NMOS, analog subtractive synthesis |
| Voices | 3 independent oscillators |
| Waveforms per Voice | Triangle, Sawtooth, Variable Pulse, Noise |
| Frequency Resolution | 12-bit per voice (0 to ~4000 Hz) |
| Envelope Generators | 3 ADSR (Attack, Decay, Sustain, Release) |
| Filter Modes | Low-pass, High-pass, Band-pass, Notch |
| Filter Cutoff Frequency | 8-bit programmable (0-255) |
| Filter Resonance | 4-bit programmable (Q 0-15) |
| Volume Control | 4-bit global (0-15) with 4 modulation modes |
| Register File | 29 x 8-bit registers, memory-mapped |
| Host Bus Compatibility | 65XX / 68XX family |
| 电源电压 | 5 V (digital) / 9-12 V (analog VDD) |
| 封装 | DIP-28 (ceramic and plastic variants) |
| Original Application | Commodore 64 / 128 audio subsystem |
| Original Release Date | January 1982 |
| RoHS 状态 | Non-compliant (pre-RoHS design, 1981 vintage) |
MOS6581 引脚配置
| 引脚 1 | VCC — Digital +5 V supply |
| 引脚 2 | RD — Read strobe (active low, 65XX bus) |
| 引脚 3 | WR — Write strobe (active low, 65XX bus) |
| 引脚 4 | CS — Chip select (active low) |
| 引脚 5 | A0 — Register address bit 0 |
| 引脚 6 | A1 — Register address bit 1 |
| 引脚 7 | A2 — Register address bit 2 |
| 引脚 8 | A3 — Register address bit 3 |
| 引脚 9 | A4 — Register address bit 4 |
| 引脚 10 | GND — Digital ground |
| 引脚 11 | D0 — Data bus bit 0 |
| 引脚 12 | D1 — Data bus bit 1 |
| 引脚 13 | D2 — Data bus bit 2 |
| 引脚 14 | D3 — Data bus bit 3 |
| 引脚 15 | D4 — Data bus bit 4 |
| 引脚 16 | D5 — Data bus bit 5 |
| 引脚 17 | D6 — Data bus bit 6 |
| 引脚 18 | D7 — Data bus bit 7 |
| 引脚 19 | CAP1A — Filter capacitor 1A |
| 引脚 20 | CAP1B — Filter capacitor 1B |
| 引脚 21 | CAP2A — Filter capacitor 2A |
| 引脚 22 | CAP2B — Filter capacitor 2B |
| 引脚 23 | VCC_ANA — Analog +5 V supply (filtered) |
| 引脚 24 | POTX — Paddle port X (potentiometer input) |
| 引脚 25 | POTY — Paddle port Y (potentiometer input) |
| 引脚 26 | POTVOICE — Paddle voice select / ext in |
| 引脚 27 | AUDIO — Analog audio output |
| 引脚 28 | VDD — Analog +12 V supply |
典型应用
MOS6581 适用于 6 应用s: Commodore 64 Audio Subsystem, Chiptune Music Synthesis, Retro Computing Restoration, MIDI to SID Adapter Projects, Educational Subtractive Synthesis, Vintage Sound Module Integration.
Commodore 64 Audio Subsystem
The MOS6581 was designed as the dedicated audio processor for the original Commodore 64 'breadbin' and early C64C motherboards, where it occupies addresses $D400-$D41F in the system memory map and is read/written by the 6510 CPU. Its three voices drive the SID music playback in commercial games, while the analog resonant filter shapes bass and percussion tones. Authentic restorations preserve the original chip signature; reliability-focused builds now substitute ARMSID or SIDKick Pico plug-in modules.
推荐
Chiptune Music Synthesis
Modern chiptune composers prize the MOS6581 for its distinctive warm, slightly saturated analog character that cannot be replicated by digital synthesis. Each of the three voices supports triangle, sawtooth, variable-pulse, and noise waveforms with 12-bit pitch resolution, while the shared multimode filter (LP/HP/BP/notch) adds analog harmonic shaping. Producers either sample original hardware, use the FPGASID bit-true clone, or play back through modern register-compatible modules such as the ARMSID that retain the original signal path while lowering supply noise.
推荐
Retro Computing Restoration
Vintage C64 and C128 boards with failed SID chips are routinely restored using MOS6581 NOS (new old stock) parts or modern functional replacements such as ARMSID, SIDKick Pico, or SwinSID Nano that share the original DIP-28 socket footprint. Each replacement module implements the same 29-register memory-mapped interface so existing game and demo software runs unmodified. The original MOS6581 mask revisions (R2-R5) differ in filter behavior; restorers often select revisions to match the host board revision.
推荐
MIDI to SID Adapter Projects
Hobbyist MIDI-to-SID adapters such as the ARMSID, SIDKick Pico, and various open-source MIDI-SID bridges use the MOS6581 register interface to convert incoming MIDI note, velocity, and CC messages into SID voice parameters. The chip's three-voice polyphony matches three independent MIDI channels, while its programmable filter cutoff and resonance map cleanly to filter-cutoff and resonance CC numbers. The same plug-and-play module approach is used to drive external SID chips from modern USB-MIDI controllers.
推荐
Educational Subtractive Synthesis
The MOS6581 is widely used in university electronics and computer-music courses as a concrete, register-level example of subtractive synthesis: the student programs raw oscillator waveforms and shapes them with the shared analog filter and per-voice ADSR envelopes. Its 29-register memory map is small enough to teach in a single lab session yet rich enough to demonstrate real-world analog audio signal chains including DC offset, supply-rail coupling, and resonance self-oscillation. Modern FPGA and micro reproductions extend the same teaching model to boards that have no surviving MOS6581 hardware.
推荐
Vintage Sound Module Integration
Modular synthesizer and Eurorack builders embed the MOS6581 in standalone sound modules driven by MIDI, USB, or CV/gate interfaces. The chip's analog audio outputs feed directly into mixer stages, while its 5 V and 12 V supply requirement matches typical synthesizer power buses. Modern retro modules such as the CRE8 audio cartridge and various Cheri-style SID synths continue to use genuine NOS MOS6581 chips or register-compatible drop-in modules, exposing original SID parameters as patch points on the front panel.
推荐
推荐产品汇总
工程参考数据： MOS6581 ——对比、设计指导和合规信息。
选型指南
与替代料对比
| 参数 | 本产品 | MOS8580 | ARMSID | SIDKick Pico | Nano SwinSID | SwinSID Nano |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Package | DIP-28 | DIP-28 (same) | DIP-28 module (same socket) | DIP-28 module (same socket) | DIP-28 module (same socket) | DIP-28 module (same socket) |
| Brand | Commodore Semiconductor (MOS Technology) | Commodore Semiconductor | nobomi.cz | frntc / americanretro.shop | hackup / Tolaemon | retrofletch |
| Voices | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 (plus FM/MIDI expansion) | 3 | 3 |
| Waveforms per Voice | Triangle / Saw / Pulse / Noise | Triangle / Saw / Pulse / Noise | Triangle / Saw / Pulse / Noise (emulated) | Triangle / Saw / Pulse / Noise (emulated) | Triangle / Saw / Pulse / Noise (emulated) | Triangle / Saw / Pulse / Noise (emulated) |
| Filter Modes | LP / HP / BP / Notch | LP / HP / BP / Notch (cleaner) | LP / HP / BP / Notch (emulated) | LP / HP / BP / Notch (emulated) | LP / HP / BP / Notch (partial) | LP / HP / BP / Notch (partial) |
| Supply Voltage | 5 V digital / 12 V analog | 5 V / 9 V (single 9 V revision) | 5 V only (on-board regulators) | 5 V via USB | 5 V only | 5 V only |
| Output Noise Floor | Higher (analog NMOS) | Medium (cleaner than 6581) | Low (modern design) | Low (modern design) | Medium | Medium |
| Lifecycle Status | Obsolete (1982-1990s) | Obsolete (1985-1990s) | Active (modern production) | Active (modern production) | Active (hobby) | Active (hobby) |
| Approx. Street Price (USD, 2026) | $50-$150 (NOS used) | $40-$120 (NOS used) | $50-$70 (new) | $40-$55 (new) | $25-$45 (new) | $25-$40 (new) |
关键差异点
- Original warm analog filter character （对比 MOS8580)
- Authentic vintage collector value （对比 ARMSID)
- No external microcontroller or firmware required （对比 FPGASID)
设计说明
Estimated: the MOS6581 requires both a clean digital +5 V rail and an analog +12 V supply (later C64C boards substituted 9 V). Decouple the VDD analog rail with at least 10 uF electrolytic plus 100 nF ceramic close to the chip, and isolate it from digital VCC with a ferrite bead or LC filter to prevent digital switching noise from coupling into the audio output. The chip draws approximately 100-200 mW total, so thermal management is not a concern at room temperature.
Keep the AUDIO output (pin 27) trace away from the digital data bus (pins 11-18) and the CS/RD/WR strobe lines to minimize crosstalk. Route the analog ground separately back to a star-ground point near the chip's GND pin; do not share a single ground pour between the analog output stage and the digital bus driver circuits. Place the external filter capacitors (CAP1A, CAP1B, CAP2A, CAP2B on pins 19-22) as close to the package as possible to avoid parasitic resistance that detunes the filter cutoff.
Do not assume MOS6581 and MOS8580 are interchangeable without code review: the 8580 reset register location and a few filter-mode bits differ, and the 6581's analog filter exhibits DC offset that some titles compensate for. Also note that paddle inputs (POTX/POTY/POTVOICE on pins 24-26) are sampled via an internal capacitor-charge circuit; long cables and high humidity can cause erroneous readings in original C64 boards.
The MOS6581's 8-bit data bus (D0-D7 on pins 11-18) is TTL-compatible and shares the 65XX bus with the VIC-II video chip and CIA I/O controllers. Add 3.3 kohm pull-ups on each data line if driving from a modern FPGA or microcontroller host at 3.3 V CMOS levels, since the 6581's input high threshold is around 2.0 V and floating inputs can register as false writes. The CS/RD/WR strobes are active-low; ensure they are de-asserted before the next address transition to avoid spurious register writes.
合规信息
The MOS6581 predates the RoHS directive (2006) and uses a tin-lead solder finish; it is non-RoHS-compliant by design. No AEC-Q100 automotive qualification is available or applicable for this consumer-audio IC.
