Voltage Regulators
Products (115)
5962R0051601VPA - 5V Precision Voltage Reference | Analog Devices
The 5962R0051601VPA is a military-grade precision voltage reference from Analog Devices, providing a stable +5V output with an adjustable range of ±6% and minimal effect on temperature stability. It operates over an input voltage range of 7V to 40V, with a low current drain of 1mA, making it ideal for high-reliability systems. The device is packaged in a through-hole ceramic DIP (CDIP) and is qualified to MIL-PRF-38535 Class V, ensuring performance across the full military temperature range of -55°C to +125°C. A voltage reference is a precision electronic circuit that produces a constant output voltage regardless of load, input voltage, or temperature variations. It serves as a foundational building block in analog and mixed-signal systems, providing a stable reference for analog-to-digital converters (ADCs), digital-to-analog converters (DACs), and comparators. Voltage references are categorized by their accuracy, temperature coefficient, and long-term stability, and are essential in applications requiring precise voltage regulation. Key features of the 5962R0051601VPA include a nominal output voltage of 5V with a tolerance of ±0.3%, a temperature coefficient of 8.5 ppm/°C maximum, and long-term drift guaranteed at 100 ppm/1000 hours maximum. The device supports single-supply operation from 7V to 40V, and its low quiescent current of 1mA minimizes power consumption. The output can be adjusted over a ±6% range using external resistors, allowing fine calibration without compromising temperature stability. Technically, the 5962R0051601VPA is based on a bandgap reference architecture, which provides a stable voltage derived from the bandgap of silicon. This design offers excellent temperature stability and low noise, making it suitable for precision analog circuits. The device is available in a hermetic ceramic package, ensuring reliability in harsh environments. Its military-grade screening ensures compliance with stringent quality and reliability standards. Typical applications include military avionics, aerospace systems, precision instrumentation, and industrial control systems where a stable and accurate voltage reference is critical. The device is also used in data acquisition systems, medical devices, and communication equipment that require high precision and reliability. When designing with this device, ensure adequate input voltage headroom (at least 2V above the output) and use proper decoupling capacitors on the input and output to maintain stability. The output adjustment pin allows trimming, but care must be taken to maintain the temperature coefficient. For best performance, use precision resistors with low temperature coefficients in the adjustment network.
AD580UH/883B - 2.5V Precision Voltage Reference | Analog Devices
The AD580UH/883B is a three-terminal, low cost, temperature compensated, bandgap voltage reference from Analog Devices. It provides a fixed 2.5 V output for input voltages between 4.5 V and 30 V. Housed in a hermetic TO-52-3 metal can package, this device is designed for high-reliability applications, including military and aerospace systems, and is compliant with MIL-STD-883 Class B standards. The AD580UH/883B offers excellent temperature stability of 10 ppm/°C and a tight output tolerance of ±0.4%, ensuring precise voltage regulation over a wide operating temperature range of -55°C to +125°C. A voltage reference is a precision electronic circuit that produces a constant output voltage regardless of load current, input voltage, or temperature variations. It serves as a stable benchmark for analog-to-digital converters (ADCs), digital-to-analog converters (DACs), and other precision analog circuits. Voltage references are fundamental building blocks in power management and signal conditioning, providing the accuracy required for high-resolution data conversion and measurement systems. The AD580UH/883B belongs to the family of series voltage references, which regulate output voltage by adjusting a series pass element, offering low output impedance and stable operation. Key features of the AD580UH/883B include its laser-trimmed thin-film resistors, which achieve high initial accuracy of ±0.4%, and its excellent long-term stability of 25 V/month. The device operates with a low quiescent current, making it suitable for battery-powered and power-sensitive applications. Its wide input voltage range of 4.5 V to 30 V allows flexibility in various supply configurations, including operation from 5 V logic supplies. The TO-52-3 hermetic package ensures protection against moisture and environmental contaminants, enhancing reliability in harsh conditions. Technically, the AD580UH/883B utilizes a bandgap reference architecture, which generates a stable voltage based on the bandgap energy of silicon. This design provides a temperature-compensated output that is largely independent of supply voltage variations. The device is laser-trimmed during manufacturing to achieve precise output voltage and temperature coefficient, ensuring consistent performance across production batches. The AD580UH/883B is recommended as a stable reference for all 8-, 10-, and 12-bit D/A converters that require an external reference, and its wide input range makes it ideal for digital panel meters and single-supply logic systems. Typical applications include precision data acquisition systems, industrial process control, medical instrumentation, and military avionics. The AD580UH/883B is particularly suited for high-reliability environments where consistent voltage reference is critical. Its hermetic package and MIL-STD-883 compliance make it a preferred choice for defense and aerospace applications. When designing with the AD580UH/883B, ensure adequate decoupling capacitors on the input and output to maintain stability. The device's low output impedance allows direct connection to ADC reference inputs, but proper layout practices should be followed to minimize noise pickup.
AD584TH - Pin Programmable Precision Voltage Reference | Analog Devices
The AD584TH is an 8-terminal precision voltage reference from Analog Devices that offers pin-programmable selection of four popular output voltages: 10.000 V, 7.500 V, 5.000 V, and 2.500 V. This through-hole device comes in a TO-99-8 metal can package, providing excellent thermal stability and long-term drift performance. The AD584TH is designed for high-precision applications where a stable, accurate voltage reference is critical. A voltage reference is an electronic component that produces a constant output voltage regardless of load, temperature, or supply variations. It serves as a benchmark for analog-to-digital converters (ADCs), digital-to-analog converters (DACs), and other measurement systems. Voltage references are a subset of power management ICs, specifically within the analog signal chain, ensuring accuracy and stability in precision circuits. Key features of the AD584TH include a programmable output voltage (2.5V, 5V, 7.5V, or 10V) with an initial accuracy of ±0.14% (for the TH grade), a 10 mA output current capability, and a wide operating temperature range. The device also offers low temperature coefficient and excellent line and load regulation, making it suitable for demanding industrial and instrumentation applications. Technically, the AD584 uses a bandgap reference architecture combined with an output amplifier to provide a low-impedance, buffered output. The pin-programmable feature allows the user to select the desired output voltage without external resistors, simplifying design and reducing component count. The TO-99-8 package provides a hermetic seal, enhancing reliability in harsh environments. Typical applications include precision data acquisition systems, digital voltmeters, calibration equipment, and as a reference for 8- to 12-bit ADCs and DACs. The AD584TH is also used in power supply monitoring and battery management systems where a stable reference is required. When designing with the AD584TH, ensure adequate decoupling on the input and output pins to maintain stability. The output can drive up to 10 mA, but for higher current loads, an external buffer may be necessary. The device is available in tape and reel packaging for automated assembly.
AD588SQ/883B - High Precision Dual Tracking Reference | Analog Devices
The AD588SQ/883B is a high precision, multiple output, dual tracking voltage reference from Analog Devices, designed for military and aerospace applications. It provides pin-programmable outputs of ±5V and ±10V with a maximum output current of 10 mA. The device features a buried Zener reference cell, ensuring low drift of 1.5 ppm/°C and low initial error of 1 mV. Housed in a 16-pin CERDIP package, it is MIL-STD-883 compliant, making it suitable for high-reliability environments. A voltage reference is a precision device that produces a constant voltage output regardless of load, temperature, or supply variations. It serves as a stable benchmark for analog-to-digital converters, digital-to-analog converters, and other measurement systems. The AD588 belongs to the family of precision voltage references, which are essential components in data acquisition and instrumentation systems. Key features include low drift, low initial error, pin-programmable output ranges, flexible output force and sense terminals, and high impedance ground sense. These features enable accurate and stable voltage references in demanding applications. The device also offers excellent line and load regulation, ensuring consistent performance across varying conditions. The AD588 includes the basic reference cell and three additional amplifiers that provide pin programmable output ranges. The amplifiers are laser trimmed for low offset and low drift to maintain the accuracy of the reference. This architecture allows for flexible configuration and high precision, making it ideal for calibration and measurement equipment. Typical applications include precision data acquisition systems, automatic test equipment, and military avionics. The device's high accuracy and stability make it suitable for use in ADCs and DACs where reference voltage accuracy directly impacts conversion accuracy. Its MIL-STD-883 compliance ensures reliability in harsh environments. When designing with the AD588, consider the need for proper decoupling and grounding to minimize noise. The force and sense terminals allow for remote sensing to compensate for voltage drops in long traces, ensuring accurate output at the load.
AD588TE/883B - 5V/10V Precision Voltage Reference | Analog Devices
The AD588TE/883B is a high-precision, dual-output, programmable voltage reference from Analog Devices, packaged in a 20-lead ceramic leadless chip carrier (CLCC). It provides 5V and 10V outputs with 12-bit absolute accuracy without user adjustments, making it ideal for precision analog systems. The device operates over the full military/aerospace temperature range of -55°C to +125°C and is specified for high-reliability applications. A voltage reference is a precision circuit that produces a constant output voltage regardless of load, supply variations, or temperature. It is a fundamental building block in analog-to-digital converters (ADCs), digital-to-analog converters (DACs), and precision power supplies, where a stable reference voltage is critical for accurate conversion. The AD588 belongs to the series voltage reference family, which uses a bandgap or buried-zener architecture to achieve low drift and high accuracy. Key features of the AD588TE/883B include dual outputs of 5V and 10V, a maximum supply current of 10 mA, and a voltage tolerance of 0.1%. The device offers optional fine-trim connections for applications requiring higher precision, and it is available in a ceramic package suitable for military and aerospace environments. The AD588TE/883B is a military-grade variant, with the /883B suffix indicating compliance with MIL-STD-883 screening. Technically, the AD588 uses a buried-zener reference with laser-trimmed thin-film resistors to achieve low temperature drift and high initial accuracy. The dual outputs are independently buffered, allowing simultaneous use of 5V and 10V references. The device operates from a supply voltage of up to 36V, and its output can be adjusted using external resistors. The ceramic CLCC package provides excellent thermal stability and hermetic sealing, essential for harsh environments. Typical applications include precision data acquisition systems, avionics, military electronics, and industrial instrumentation. The AD588TE/883B is particularly suited for systems requiring a stable reference over a wide temperature range, such as aerospace guidance systems and high-end test equipment. When designing with the AD588TE/883B, ensure adequate decoupling on the supply pins and consider the thermal performance of the ceramic package. The fine-trim pins allow for calibration to achieve better than 0.1% accuracy, but they should be used with precision resistors to avoid introducing drift.
AD588TQ/883 - High Precision Voltage Reference | Analog Devices
The AD588TQ/883 is a high precision, programmable voltage reference from Analog Devices, offering 12-bit absolute accuracy without user adjustments. It provides adjustable outputs of 5V and 10V with a maximum output current of 10 mA. The device is packaged in a 16-lead CERDIP (CDIP) package and is specified for the full military/aerospace temperature range, making it suitable for demanding applications. A voltage reference is a precision electronic circuit that produces a constant output voltage regardless of load, temperature, or supply variations. It is a fundamental building block in analog and mixed-signal systems, serving as a stable reference for analog-to-digital converters (ADCs), digital-to-analog converters (DACs), and comparators. Voltage references are categorized into series and shunt types; the AD588 is a series reference, which offers lower power consumption and better accuracy than shunt references. Key features of the AD588TQ/883 include 12-bit absolute accuracy, low temperature coefficient of 3 ppm/°C, and optional fine-trim connections for higher precision. The device operates over a wide supply range and provides both 5V and 10V outputs, which can be programmed via pin strapping. The military-grade temperature range ensures reliable operation in harsh environments. The AD588 uses a buried Zener diode reference and precision thin-film resistors to achieve its high accuracy. The architecture provides excellent long-term stability and low noise, making it ideal for precision instrumentation and data acquisition systems. The fine-trim capability allows users to adjust the output voltage to meet specific accuracy requirements. Typical applications include precision data acquisition systems, calibration equipment, and aerospace instrumentation. The AD588TQ/883 is also used in military and aerospace systems where high reliability and accuracy are critical. Its 16-lead CERDIP package provides hermetic sealing, protecting the die from moisture and contaminants. When designing with the AD588TQ/883, ensure proper decoupling on the input supply and output to maintain stability. The fine-trim pins can be used to adjust output voltage, but care must be taken to avoid introducing noise. The device is available in tube packaging, and pricing is available from authorized distributors.
AD589SH/883B - 1.2V Bandgap Voltage Reference | Analog Devices
The AD589SH/883B is a two-terminal, temperature-compensated bandgap voltage reference from Analog Devices, providing a fixed 1.23V output voltage for input currents between 50µA and 5.0mA. Housed in a hermetic metal can package (TO-52 style), this MIL-STD-883B compliant device is designed for precision applications requiring high stability over a wide temperature range of -55°C to +125°C. With a low temperature coefficient of 10ppm/°C (max for AD589M grade) and low output impedance of 0.6Ω, it serves as a superior replacement for other 1.2V references. A bandgap voltage reference is a type of voltage reference that produces a stable output voltage based on the bandgap energy of silicon, approximately 1.2V. It is a fundamental building block in analog and mixed-signal systems, providing a precise reference voltage for ADCs, DACs, comparators, and power supply monitoring circuits. Bandgap references are preferred over Zener-based references for their lower temperature drift and lower power consumption, making them ideal for battery-powered and precision measurement equipment. Key features of the AD589SH/883B include its wide operating current range from 50µA to 5mA, allowing flexible biasing in various circuit topologies. The device operates with a total supply current of 50µA, consuming only 60µW of power, which is critical for low-power designs. The low temperature coefficient of 10ppm/°C ensures minimal output voltage variation across temperature, essential for high-accuracy applications. The two-terminal Zener operation simplifies circuit design, requiring only a single resistor to set the bias current. Technically, the AD589 utilizes Analog Devices' precision bipolar processing and thin-film technology to achieve excellent matching and thermal tracking of on-chip components. This results in high stability and low noise, making it suitable for precision analog systems. The device is available in a hermetic metal can package, which provides excellent environmental protection and reliability, particularly for military and aerospace applications. Typical applications include precision voltage references for data converters, portable instrumentation, and industrial process control. The AD589SH/883B is also used in power supply monitoring and calibration equipment where a stable, accurate reference is required. Its wide operating temperature range and MIL-STD-883B compliance make it suitable for harsh environments. When designing with this device, ensure the bias current is set within the specified range (50µA to 5mA) using an appropriate resistor. The output voltage is nominally 1.23V, but can vary between 1.2V and 1.25V depending on grade. For optimal performance, use a stable bias current and consider the thermal effects on the reference voltage.
AD780ARZ - 2.5V/3.0V High Precision Reference | Analog Devices
The AD780ARZ from Analog Devices is a high precision bandgap voltage reference that provides a programmable output of either 2.5 V or 3.0 V from input voltages between 4 V and 36 V. Housed in an 8-lead SOIC package, this series and shunt reference delivers up to 10 mA output current with excellent accuracy of ±0.2% (A grade) and ±0.17% (B grade). Its ultra-low noise of typically 4 µV p-p (0.1 Hz to 10 Hz) and wideband spectral noise density of 100 nV/√Hz make it ideal for precision data acquisition and instrumentation. A voltage reference is a crucial building block in analog and mixed-signal systems, providing a stable and accurate voltage against which other voltages are measured or regulated. The AD780 belongs to the family of precision voltage references, which are essential for ADCs, DACs, and comparators to achieve high resolution and accuracy. As a bandgap reference, it leverages the predictable temperature behavior of a silicon bandgap to produce a stable output, offering a cost-effective alternative to buried Zener references while maintaining high performance. Key features of the AD780ARZ include a temperature output pin that allows the device to function as a temperature transducer, a trim pin for fine-tuning output voltage, and low quiescent current that increases by only 2 µA/V above 5 V input. The device operates over a wide temperature range of -40°C to +85°C and is available in both SOIC-8 and DIP-8 packages. Its long-term stability is specified as noncumulative, with drift in subsequent 1000-hour periods significantly lower than the first. The AD780 uses a proprietary bandgap architecture that achieves low noise and high stability without the need for external components. The output can be programmed to 2.5 V or 3.0 V via a logic pin, providing flexibility in system design. The device also features a force and sense configuration for high-accuracy remote sensing, minimizing errors due to trace resistance. Typical applications include precision data acquisition systems, high-resolution ADCs and DACs, digital voltmeters, and industrial process control. Its low noise and high accuracy make it suitable for medical instrumentation and aerospace test equipment. The AD780 is a pin-compatible performance upgrade for the LT1019(A)-2.5 and the AD680, simplifying upgrades in existing designs. When designing with the AD780, ensure proper decoupling with a 0.1 µF capacitor close to the VIN pin and a 1 µF capacitor on the output to maintain stability. The trim pin can be used to adjust the output voltage by ±0.5% to meet tight system requirements. For best noise performance, use the optional external noise reduction capacitors as described in the datasheet.
AD780BRZ - 2.5V/3.0V High Precision Reference | Analog Devices
The AD780BRZ from Analog Devices is a high precision, low noise, programmable voltage reference that provides a stable 2.5 V or 3.0 V output. It is available in an 8-lead SOIC package and operates over a wide input voltage range of 4 V to 36 V. The device features ultralow drift of 3 ppm/°C maximum, high accuracy of ±1 mV maximum, and low noise of 100 nV/√Hz, making it suitable for precision data acquisition and instrumentation applications. A voltage reference is a crucial building block in analog and mixed-signal systems, providing a stable and accurate voltage for analog-to-digital converters (ADCs), digital-to-analog converters (DACs), and comparators. The AD780 belongs to the family of series and shunt voltage references, which can be configured for either mode. It is a programmable reference, allowing the user to select between 2.5 V and 3.0 V outputs via a pin. This flexibility makes it a versatile choice for various system voltage requirements. Key features of the AD780BRZ include pin-programmable 3.0 V output, ultralow drift of 3 ppm/°C max, high accuracy of ±1 mV max, low noise of 100 nV/√Hz, and low quiescent current of 1 mA max. The device also offers noise reduction capability, allowing external capacitors to further reduce noise. The temperature output pin enables the AD780 to be configured as a temperature transducer while providing a stable reference voltage. Technically, the AD780 uses a bandgap reference architecture, which provides a stable voltage that is relatively independent of temperature and supply variations. The device is designed for high precision, with a temperature coefficient as low as 3 ppm/°C, ensuring minimal voltage drift over temperature. The wide input voltage range of 4 V to 36 V allows operation from various supply rails, including 5 V, 12 V, and 24 V systems. The low quiescent current of 1 mA max makes it suitable for battery-powered applications. Typical applications for the AD780BRZ include precision data acquisition systems, industrial process control, medical instrumentation, and portable test equipment. Its high accuracy and low noise make it ideal for use as a reference for high-resolution ADCs and DACs. The device is also used in power supply monitoring and calibration equipment. When designing with the AD780BRZ, it is important to ensure proper decoupling and layout to achieve the specified performance. The noise reduction pin can be used with an external capacitor to further reduce output noise. The temperature output pin can be utilized for temperature sensing applications, but care must be taken to avoid loading the reference output.
AD780BRZ-REEL7 - 2.5V/3.0V High Precision Reference | Analog Devices
The AD780BRZ-REEL7 from Analog Devices is a high precision, programmable voltage reference that provides a stable 2.5V or 3.0V output with exceptional accuracy and low noise. Housed in an 8-pin SOIC package, this device is designed for demanding applications where voltage stability is critical. It can source or sink up to 10 mA and operates in both series and shunt modes, allowing flexible positive or negative output configurations without external components. A voltage reference is a precision electronic circuit that produces a constant output voltage regardless of load, temperature, or supply variations. It serves as a fundamental building block in analog and mixed-signal systems, providing a stable reference for ADCs, DACs, and comparators. Voltage references are categorized into series and shunt types, with the AD780 supporting both, making it a versatile choice for a wide range of applications. Key features of the AD780BRZ-REEL7 include a temperature coefficient of 3 ppm/°C, initial accuracy of ±0.04% for 2.5V and ±0.03% for 3.0V, and extremely low noise of 4 µV p-p from 0.1 Hz to 10 Hz. The device also features a temperature output pin that varies linearly with temperature, enabling it to function as a temperature transducer while providing a stable reference. The AD780 is stable under all load conditions when a 1 µF capacitor is used, eliminating concerns about instability. Technically, the AD780 utilizes a bandgap reference architecture, which provides excellent temperature stability and low noise. The device operates over a wide supply range of 4V to 36V, making it suitable for both low-voltage and high-voltage systems. Its low dropout voltage and high output current capability allow it to drive heavy loads while maintaining precision. The AD780 is a pin-compatible performance upgrade for the LT1019(A)-2.5 and AD680, offering improved specifications and reliability. Typical applications include precision data acquisition systems, high-resolution ADCs and DACs, industrial process control, and test and measurement equipment. The AD780's low noise and high accuracy make it ideal for use in medical instrumentation, where precise voltage references are essential for accurate measurements. Its ability to operate in shunt mode also makes it suitable for negative reference generation in bipolar ADC applications. When designing with the AD780, it is important to place a 1 µF capacitor at the output to ensure stability under all load conditions. Additionally, proper PCB layout with short, low-inductance traces to the output capacitor will minimize noise and improve performance. The temperature output pin can be used for temperature sensing, but care should be taken to avoid loading it excessively, as this may affect reference accuracy.
AD8212S - High Voltage Current Shunt Monitor | Analog Devices
The AD8212S is a high common-mode voltage, current shunt monitor from Analog Devices. It accurately amplifies a small differential input voltage in the presence of large common-mode voltages up to 65 V, and can operate at common-mode voltages greater than 500 V with the addition of an external PNP transistor. The device outputs a current proportional to the differential input voltage, making it ideal for current monitoring across a shunt resistor in applications controlling loads such as motors and solenoids. A current shunt monitor is a specialized amplifier that measures the voltage drop across a sense resistor placed in series with a load, converting this small differential voltage into a proportional output signal. In high-side sensing, the monitor must reject the large common-mode voltage present at the shunt, which can be tens or hundreds of volts above ground. The AD8212S excels in this role, providing accurate current measurement without requiring level shifting or isolation, simplifying the design of motor control, solenoid control, and power management systems. Key features of the AD8212S include a wide common-mode input range of 4.5 V to 65 V (extendable beyond 500 V with an external PNP), a current output that simplifies interfacing with ADCs or comparators, and a wide operating temperature range of -40°C to +125°C. The device operates from a single 5 V supply and draws a low quiescent current, making it suitable for automotive and industrial environments. Its high common-mode rejection ensures accurate current sensing even in noisy power systems. The AD8212S uses a precision bipolar process to achieve low offset and gain drift over temperature. The current output can be converted to a voltage with an external resistor, allowing flexible scaling. The device is available in a compact SOIC-8 package, which is pin-compatible with the standard AD8212, and is specified for operation over the extended temperature range, making it suitable for harsh environments. Typical applications include high-side current sensing in motor control, solenoid control, battery monitoring, and power supply monitoring. The device is also used in automotive systems for load detection and diagnostics. Its ability to handle high common-mode voltages with minimal external components makes it a preferred choice for robust current sensing. When designing with the AD8212S, ensure the supply voltage is within the specified range and the output resistor is chosen to keep the output voltage within the ADC's input range. The external PNP transistor, if used, must be selected to handle the required common-mode voltage and current.
ADR4525BRZ-R7 - 2.5V Ultra-Low Noise Voltage Reference | Analog Devices
The ADR4525BRZ-R7 is a high precision, low power, low noise series voltage reference from Analog Devices, providing a fixed 2.5V output with ±0.02% maximum initial error (B grade). Housed in an 8-pin SOIC (SOIC-8) package, this device delivers up to 10 mA output current and operates over a wide supply range, making it ideal for precision data acquisition, industrial process control, and medical instrumentation. A voltage reference is a precision electronic component that produces a constant output voltage regardless of load, supply variations, or temperature. It serves as a stable benchmark for analog-to-digital converters (ADCs), digital-to-analog converters (DACs), and comparators, ensuring measurement accuracy. Voltage references are categorized into series and shunt types; the ADR4525 is a series reference, which offers lower power consumption and better accuracy than shunt references. Within the power management hierarchy, voltage references are essential building blocks in precision analog systems, bridging the gap between raw power supplies and the stable voltages required by sensitive circuitry. Key features of the ADR4525BRZ-R7 include ultra-low output noise (1.4 µV p-p typical from 0.1 Hz to 10 Hz), excellent temperature stability (2 ppm/°C typical), and a low dropout voltage. The device also features a wide operating temperature range of -40°C to +125°C, making it suitable for harsh environments. Its high accuracy and low noise are achieved through an innovative core topology that minimizes thermal and noise errors. Technically, the ADR4525 uses a bandgap-based architecture with precision laser-trimmed resistors to achieve its tight initial accuracy. The output is buffered to provide low output impedance and fast transient response. The device is fully specified over the industrial temperature range and is available in tape and reel packaging (R7 suffix) for automated assembly. Typical applications include precision data acquisition systems, high-resolution ADCs and DACs, industrial process control, medical devices, and portable instrumentation. The low noise and high accuracy make it particularly well-suited for reference buffering in 16-bit and higher resolution converters. When designing with the ADR4525BRZ-R7, ensure adequate decoupling on the input and output pins with 0.1 µF and 1 µF capacitors, respectively, to maintain stability and minimize noise. The output can source up to 10 mA, but for higher current loads, an external buffer is recommended.
ADUM3190ARWZ - 2.5kV Isolated Error Amplifier | Analog Devices
The ADUM3190ARWZ is a high-stability isolated error amplifier from Analog Devices, designed for isolated voltage feedback in power supplies. It integrates a precision reference and an error amplifier with an isolated output, providing a 2.5 kV RMS isolation rating. The device operates from a single 3.0 V to 20 V supply on the primary side and features a 400 mV reference with ±1% accuracy. It is available in a 16-lead SOIC-W package, making it suitable for space-constrained designs. An isolated error amplifier is a specialized analog IC that transfers an error signal across an isolation barrier without using an optocoupler. It typically includes a precision reference, an error amplifier, and an isolation channel (often based on iCoupler technology) to provide a feedback signal that is galvanically isolated from the output. This component is essential in isolated DC-DC converters and switching power supplies where the feedback path must cross the isolation boundary while maintaining accuracy and stability. Key features of the ADUM3190ARWZ include a 2.5 kV RMS isolation rating, a 400 mV reference with ±1% accuracy, and a wide operating temperature range of -40°C to +125°C. The device offers a typical gain bandwidth of 400 kHz and a quiescent current of 1.2 mA, enabling efficient operation in power management circuits. Its high stability ensures reliable performance over temperature and time, making it ideal for industrial and automotive power systems. Technically, the ADUM3190ARWZ uses Analog Devices' iCoupler technology to achieve isolation, which provides superior performance compared to optocoupler-based solutions, including better temperature stability and longer lifespan. The error amplifier has a transconductance output that can be compensated with external components to optimize loop stability. The device also includes an internal reference that can be used for voltage regulation, simplifying the external circuit. Typical applications include isolated DC-DC converters, offline power supplies, and isolated voltage sensing in motor drives and battery management systems. The device is particularly suited for applications requiring precise voltage regulation across an isolation barrier, such as telecom and server power supplies. When designing with the ADUM3190ARWZ, ensure proper PCB layout to maintain isolation creepage and clearance distances. The feedback loop compensation should be designed according to the datasheet guidelines to achieve stable operation. The device is RoHS compliant and available in tape and reel packaging.
ADUM3191ARWZ - Isolated Error Amplifier | Analog Devices
The ADUM3191ARWZ is an isolated error amplifier from Analog Devices, designed for feedback control in isolated power supplies. It integrates a precision error amplifier with an isolated PWM signal path, providing a compact solution for voltage regulation across an isolation barrier. The device operates from a single 3.0V to 20V supply and features a 400mV reference, making it suitable for a wide range of industrial and automotive applications. An isolated error amplifier is a specialized analog IC that amplifies the difference between a feedback voltage and a reference, then transmits the error signal across an isolation barrier without a direct electrical connection. This is essential in isolated power converters where the primary and secondary sides must be galvanically isolated for safety and noise immunity. The ADUM3191ARWZ uses Analog Devices' iCoupler technology to achieve this isolation, eliminating the need for optocouplers and their associated aging and nonlinearity issues. Key features of the ADUM3191ARWZ include a 2.5kVrms isolation rating, a 400mV reference with ±1% accuracy, and a bandwidth of 200kHz. The device supports an input voltage range of 3.0V to 20V and operates over the industrial temperature range of -40°C to +125°C. The SOIC-8 package is compact and industry-standard, facilitating easy integration into existing designs. The ADUM3191ARWZ is built on Analog Devices' proprietary iCoupler technology, which uses chip-scale transformers to transmit signals across the isolation barrier. This approach provides superior performance compared to optocouplers, including higher reliability, faster response, and better temperature stability. The device also includes an internal compensation network, simplifying the external circuit design. Typical applications include isolated DC-DC converters, offline power supplies, and motor drives. In these systems, the ADUM3191ARWZ provides accurate voltage feedback while maintaining galvanic isolation, improving system safety and performance. Its high bandwidth and low propagation delay make it suitable for high-frequency switching converters. When designing with the ADUM3191ARWZ, ensure proper PCB layout to maintain isolation creepage and clearance distances. The device requires a bypass capacitor on the primary side and careful attention to the feedback loop compensation to ensure stability.
FDA803D - 1A, 35V Ultra-Low Noise LDO | Texas Instruments
The Texas Instruments FDA803D is an ultra-low-noise, high-PSRR LDO linear regulator delivering up to 1A output current in a 20-pin VQFN (RGW) package with exposed thermal pad. It features an adjustable output voltage range of 1.4V to 34V and supports input voltages from 3V to 35V. An LDO (Low-Dropout) linear regulator is a type of voltage regulator that maintains a stable output voltage even when the input voltage is very close to the output voltage. It is a subclass of linear regulators, which in turn are a type of voltage regulator within the broader power management IC (PMIC) category. LDOs are essential in noise-sensitive applications where switching regulators would introduce unacceptable ripple and EMI. Key features include 4.17 uVrms output noise (20 Hz to 100 kHz), 72 dB PSRR at 1 kHz, and a low dropout voltage of 200 mV at full 1A load. The device also offers 6.4 mA quiescent current, an active-high enable pin for power sequencing, and thermal shutdown protection. The VQFN-20 package provides a thermal resistance of 31.4 C/W, enabling compact designs without external heatsinking at moderate power levels. The FDA803D utilizes a bipolar architecture with a precision bandgap reference, achieving noise performance comparable to discrete reference designs while maintaining regulator simplicity. The high PSRR minimizes ripple from upstream switching converters, making it suitable for noise-sensitive analog and RF signal chains where clean power rails are critical. Typical applications include high-end audio DAC power supplies, PLL/VCO power rails in RF transceivers, precision ADC/DAC reference buffering, and test and measurement instrumentation. The wide input range also supports industrial 24V bus systems with adequate headroom. When designing with this device, ensure adequate input-to-output voltage headroom to maintain regulation under all load conditions. The enable pin allows sequential power-up in multi-rail systems, which is essential for processors requiring specific rail sequencing.
FDA803Q - 1A, 35V Ultra-Low Noise LDO | Texas Instruments
The Texas Instruments FDA803Q is an ultra-low-noise, high-PSRR LDO linear regulator delivering up to 1A output current in a 20-pin VQFN (RGW) package with exposed thermal pad. It features an adjustable output voltage range of 1.4V to 34V and supports input voltages from 3V to 35V. An LDO (Low-Dropout) linear regulator is a type of voltage regulator that maintains a stable output voltage even when the input voltage is very close to the output voltage. It operates by dissipating excess power as heat, providing a clean, low-noise output. LDOs are essential in power management ICs, serving as the final stage in a power supply chain to filter out ripple and noise from switching regulators. The FDA803Q fits into the hierarchy: LDO -> linear regulator -> voltage regulator -> power management IC -> semiconductor. Key features include 4.17 uVrms output noise (20 Hz to 100 kHz), 72 dB PSRR at 1 kHz, and a low dropout voltage of 200 mV at full 1A load. The device also offers 6.4 mA quiescent current, an active-high enable pin for power sequencing, and thermal shutdown protection. The VQFN-20 package provides a thermal resistance of 31.4 C/W, enabling compact designs without external heatsinking at moderate power levels. The FDA803Q utilizes a bipolar architecture with a precision bandgap reference, achieving noise performance comparable to discrete reference designs while maintaining regulator simplicity. The high PSRR minimizes ripple from upstream switching converters, making it suitable for noise-sensitive analog and RF signal chains where clean power rails are critical. Typical applications include high-end audio DAC power supplies, PLL/VCO power rails in RF transceivers, precision ADC/DAC reference buffering, and test and measurement instrumentation. The wide input range also supports industrial 24V bus systems with adequate headroom. When designing with this device, ensure adequate input-to-output voltage headroom to maintain regulation under all load conditions. The enable pin allows sequential power-up in multi-rail systems, which is essential for processors requiring specific rail sequencing.
FDA903D - 1A, 35V Ultra-Low Noise LDO | Texas Instruments
The Texas Instruments FDA903D is an ultra-low-noise, high-PSRR LDO linear regulator delivering up to 1A output current in a 20-pin VQFN (RGW) package with exposed thermal pad. It features an adjustable output voltage range of 1.4V to 34V and supports input voltages from 3V to 35V. An LDO (Low-Dropout) linear regulator is a type of voltage regulator that maintains a stable output voltage even when the input voltage is very close to the output voltage. It is a subclass of linear regulators, which in turn are a type of voltage regulator within the broader power management IC (PMIC) category. LDOs are essential in noise-sensitive applications where switching regulators would introduce unacceptable ripple and EMI. Key features include 4.17 uVrms output noise (20 Hz to 100 kHz), 72 dB PSRR at 1 kHz, and a low dropout voltage of 200 mV at full 1A load. The device also offers 6.4 mA quiescent current, an active-high enable pin for power sequencing, and thermal shutdown protection. The VQFN-20 package provides a thermal resistance of 31.4 C/W, enabling compact designs without external heatsinking at moderate power levels. The FDA903D utilizes a bipolar architecture with a precision bandgap reference, achieving noise performance comparable to discrete reference designs while maintaining regulator simplicity. The high PSRR minimizes ripple from upstream switching converters, making it suitable for noise-sensitive analog and RF signal chains where clean power rails are critical. Typical applications include high-end audio DAC power supplies, PLL/VCO power rails in RF transceivers, precision ADC/DAC reference buffering, and test and measurement instrumentation. The wide input range also supports industrial 24V bus systems with adequate headroom. When designing with this device, ensure adequate input-to-output voltage headroom to maintain regulation under all load conditions. The enable pin allows sequential power-up in multi-rail systems, which is essential for processors requiring specific rail sequencing.
FDA903Q - 1A, 35V Ultra-Low Noise LDO | Texas Instruments
The Texas Instruments FDA903Q is an ultra-low-noise, high-PSRR LDO linear regulator delivering up to 1A output current in a 20-pin VQFN (RGW) package with exposed thermal pad. It features an adjustable output voltage range of 1.4V to 34V and supports input voltages from 3V to 35V. An LDO (Low-Dropout) linear regulator is a type of voltage regulator that maintains a stable output voltage even when the input voltage is very close to the output voltage. It is a key component in power management ICs, providing clean, low-noise power rails for sensitive analog and digital circuits. LDOs are essential in applications where switching noise from DC-DC converters would degrade performance, such as in audio, RF, and precision measurement systems. Key features include 4.17 uVrms output noise (20 Hz to 100 kHz), 72 dB PSRR at 1 kHz, and a low dropout voltage of 200 mV at full 1A load. The device also offers 6.4 mA quiescent current, an active-high enable pin for power sequencing, and thermal shutdown protection. The VQFN-20 package provides a thermal resistance of 31.4 C/W, enabling compact designs without external heatsinking at moderate power levels. The FDA903Q utilizes a bipolar architecture with a precision bandgap reference, achieving noise performance comparable to discrete reference designs while maintaining regulator simplicity. The high PSRR minimizes ripple from upstream switching converters, making it suitable for noise-sensitive analog and RF signal chains where clean power rails are critical. Typical applications include high-end audio DAC power supplies, PLL/VCO power rails in RF transceivers, precision ADC/DAC reference buffering, and test and measurement instrumentation. The wide input range also supports industrial 24V bus systems with adequate headroom. When designing with this device, ensure adequate input-to-output voltage headroom to maintain regulation under all load conditions. The enable pin allows sequential power-up in multi-rail systems, which is essential for processors requiring specific rail sequencing.
FDA903U - 1A, 35V Ultra-Low Noise LDO | Texas Instruments
The Texas Instruments FDA903U is an ultra-low-noise, high-PSRR LDO linear regulator delivering up to 1A output current in a 20-pin VQFN (RGW) package with exposed thermal pad. It features an adjustable output voltage range of 1.4V to 34V and supports input voltages from 3V to 35V. An LDO (Low-Dropout) linear regulator is a type of voltage regulator that maintains a stable output voltage even when the input voltage is very close to the output voltage. It is a key component in power management ICs, providing clean, low-noise power rails for sensitive analog and digital circuits. LDOs are essential in applications where switching noise from DC-DC converters would degrade performance, such as in audio, RF, and precision measurement systems. Key features include 4.17 uVrms output noise (20 Hz to 100 kHz), 72 dB PSRR at 1 kHz, and a low dropout voltage of 200 mV at full 1A load. The device also offers 6.4 mA quiescent current, an active-high enable pin for power sequencing, and thermal shutdown protection. The VQFN-20 package provides a thermal resistance of 31.4 C/W, enabling compact designs without external heatsinking at moderate power levels. The FDA903U utilizes a bipolar architecture with a precision bandgap reference, achieving noise performance comparable to discrete reference designs while maintaining regulator simplicity. The high PSRR minimizes ripple from upstream switching converters, making it suitable for noise-sensitive analog and RF signal chains where clean power rails are critical. Typical applications include high-end audio DAC power supplies, PLL/VCO power rails in RF transceivers, precision ADC/DAC reference buffering, and test and measurement instrumentation. The wide input range also supports industrial 24V bus systems with adequate headroom. When designing with this device, ensure adequate input-to-output voltage headroom to maintain regulation under all load conditions. The enable pin allows sequential power-up in multi-rail systems, which is essential for processors requiring specific rail sequencing.
ICE3PCS01GXUMA1 - CCM PFC Controller, 14-pin DSO | Infineon
The Infineon ICE3PCS01GXUMA1 is a 14-pin standalone Power Factor Correction (PFC) controller IC designed for active Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM) boost converters operating from 85 VAC to 265 VAC universal mains input, housed in a PG-DSO-14 surface-mount package with adjustable switching frequency from 21 kHz to 100 kHz. It is the third-generation CoolSET-compatible PFC controller and targets converter efficiencies above 90% at full load with a trimmed internal 2.5 V reference and integrated digital voltage-loop compensation that eliminates external compensation components. A Power Factor Correction (PFC) controller is a specialized power management IC that shapes the input current drawn from the AC mains to be in phase with the input voltage, achieving a power factor close to unity (typically >0.99). PFC controllers sit in the power management hierarchy between the bridge rectifier and the bulk DC link capacitor in AC-DC power supplies; they are mandatory for switched-mode power supplies above 75 W to meet regulatory standards such as IEC 61000-3-2 and ENERGY STAR. CCM operation specifically means the boost inductor current never falls to zero during a switching cycle, which yields lower peak currents and lower EMI than critical conduction mode (CrCM/CRM) at high power levels above 300 W. The ICE3PCS01GXUMA1 integrates a totem-pole gate driver capable of 1.5 A source / 2 A sink, an internal 2.5 V trimmed bandgap reference, soft-start control, under-voltage lockout, and over-current protection with a typical quiescent current of 1.4 mA. The cascaded control architecture implements an inner average-current loop and an outer voltage loop with digital compensation, eliminating the traditional RC component network. The device supports boost topologies commonly used in digital TV power supplies, industrial SMPS, and high-power LED drivers requiring PF >0.9 and low total harmonic distortion. Typical applications include 100 W to 1000 W boost PFC front-end stages for ATX power supplies, flat-panel TV converters, e-bike chargers, industrial SMPS modules, and high-bay LED drivers. The wide 85-265 VAC input range makes it a single design platform for global products. Compared to the previous-generation ICE2PCS0x family, the third-generation ICE3PCS01G offers lower quiescent current, tighter reference tolerance, and reduced external BOM count due to integrated digital voltage-loop compensation. When designing with this controller, observe the IC's 11 V minimum VCC supply requirement and provide adequate bulk capacitance on the VCC pin with a 100 nF ceramic bypass close to the package. The current-sense resistor value must be calculated against the IC's internal 1.0 V cycle-by-cycle over-current threshold; exceeding this trips protection but should not be relied upon as a primary current limit. PCB layout must keep the gate-drive loop area minimal to avoid ringing above the 17 V gate-clamp rating. This page synthesizes distributor pricing, drop-in alternatives drawn from cross-reference data, and practical design notes compiled from the Infineon application guidance to support engineers evaluating this PFC controller for new designs and existing 100 W to 1000 W CCM PFC front-end stages.
INA219AIDR - 26V 12-Bit I2C Power Monitor | Texas Instruments
The Texas Instruments INA219AIDR is a high-side, bidirectional current shunt and power monitor with an I2C- or SMBUS-compatible interface, packaged in an 8-pin SOIC (D). It operates from a single 3V to 5.5V supply, drawing a maximum of 1mA of supply current, and senses across shunts on buses that can vary from 0V to 26V. The device monitors both shunt voltage drop and bus supply voltage, with programmable conversion times and filtering. A programmable calibration value, combined with an internal multiplier, enables direct readouts of current in amperes. The INA219AIDR is the A-grade version, offering ±1% accuracy over the -40°C to 125°C temperature range. A digital power monitor is an integrated circuit that measures current, voltage, and power in a system by sensing the voltage drop across a shunt resistor and the bus voltage, then converting these analog signals to digital values via an ADC and communicating them over a digital interface like I2C. It sits within the power management IC (PMIC) hierarchy, specifically under current/voltage/power monitoring ICs, which are essential for optimizing energy efficiency, protecting loads, and providing telemetry in battery-powered and industrial systems. Key features include a 12-bit ADC with programmable gain (PGA) for shunt voltage measurement, a 12-bit bus voltage ADC, and a 16-bit power calculation engine. The INA219AIDR supports 16 programmable I2C addresses, allowing multiple devices on the same bus. It includes a programmable alert/comparator pin that can be configured for overcurrent or undervoltage detection. The device also features a power-on reset that initializes registers to default values, ensuring predictable startup behavior. Technically, the INA219 uses a zero-drift architecture to minimize input offset voltage, achieving an input offset of ±50µV (max) and offset drift of ±0.5µV/°C (max). The shunt voltage input range is ±320mV (with PGA gain of 1), and the bus voltage range is 0V to 26V. The I2C interface supports standard (100kHz), fast (400kHz), and high-speed (3.4MHz) modes. The device is available in both A and B grades, with the B grade offering higher accuracy and precision. Typical applications include battery monitoring in smartphones and laptops, power supply monitoring in servers and telecom equipment, solar panel current sensing, and motor current monitoring in industrial automation. The INA219AIDR is also widely used in Arduino and Raspberry Pi projects for energy monitoring due to its ease of use and I2C interface. When designing with the INA219AIDR, ensure the shunt resistor is placed in the high-side path and the bus voltage is within the 0V to 26V range. Use appropriate decoupling capacitors on the supply pin and keep the I2C traces short to minimize noise. The alert pin can be used to trigger an interrupt in the microcontroller for immediate response to fault conditions.
INA223 - 26V Programmable-Gain Current Sense & Power Monitor | TI
The Texas Instruments INA223 is a voltage-output device that monitors current, bus voltage, and instantaneous power of a supply line by sensing a voltage drop across a shunt at common-mode voltages from 0 V to 26 V. It incorporates an analog multiplier to provide instantaneous power measurement, and features a two-wire and SMBus-compatible interface for adjusting configuration settings. The device operates from a single +2.7-V to +5.5-V supply, drawing a maximum supply current of 250 µA, and is specified over the extended temperature range of -40°C to +105°C. It is offered in an SON-10 package (2.5x2.5 mm). A current sense amplifier is a specialized operational amplifier designed to measure current by amplifying the small voltage drop across a shunt resistor. The INA223 belongs to the family of current shunt monitors, which are essential in power management systems for monitoring load current, supply voltage, and power consumption. These devices are critical in applications such as battery management, power supply monitoring, and system protection, where accurate current sensing is required to optimize efficiency and prevent damage. Key features of the INA223 include programmable gain via I²C, allowing the user to set the gain to 25, 50, 100, or 200 V/V, and programmable attenuation for the voltage channel. The device provides an analog output proportional to instantaneous power, which is the product of the shunt voltage and bus voltage. It also offers a high accuracy with a typical offset voltage of 50 µV and a gain error of 0.2%. The INA223 supports both high-side and low-side sensing, making it versatile for various topologies. The INA223 uses a zero-drift architecture to minimize offset drift over temperature, ensuring accurate measurements across the -40°C to +105°C range. The analog multiplier is implemented with a precision circuit that maintains linearity over the full input range. The I²C interface allows for real-time configuration changes, such as adjusting gain or enabling/disabling the device, which is useful in dynamic power management scenarios. Typical applications include server and telecom power monitoring, battery-powered devices, and industrial automation. In servers, the INA223 can monitor the power consumption of individual rails to optimize energy efficiency. In battery-powered devices, it provides accurate state-of-charge estimation by measuring current and voltage. The device's low supply current of 250 µA makes it suitable for always-on monitoring in power-sensitive applications. When designing with the INA223, ensure that the shunt resistor is placed appropriately for high-side or low-side sensing, and that the common-mode voltage does not exceed 26 V. The I²C address is set via the A0 pin, allowing up to two devices on the same bus. Proper PCB layout with Kelvin connections to the shunt is recommended to minimize parasitic resistance and maintain accuracy.
INA4180AIPWR - 26V Quad Current-Sense Amplifier 350kHz | TI
The Texas Instruments INA4180AIPWR is a cost-optimized quad current-sense amplifier (current-shunt monitor) integrating four independent voltage-output channels in a 14-pin TSSOP (PW) package. It senses voltage drops across external shunt resistors at common-mode voltages from -0.2 V to +26 V, independent of the supply voltage, and provides rail-to-rail ground-referenced outputs proportional to load current. A current-sense amplifier is an analog IC that amplifies the small differential voltage across a sense resistor and translates it to a ground-referenced output. In the power-management hierarchy it sits between the power path and the monitoring stage, providing feedback for overcurrent protection, closed-loop current control, and load telemetry. The INA4180 integrates four such amplifiers in one IC, cutting BOM cost and board area versus single-channel INA180 or dual-channel INA2180 devices. Key features include a 350 kHz bandwidth, a common-mode range of -0.2 V to +26 V, and four rail-to-rail output channels that drive ADCs, comparators, or microcontrollers directly. Gain options of 20, 50, 100, and 200 V/V are available across the family (suffix A1-A4), set by internal matched resistor networks with low gain error and good temperature stability. AEC-Q100 qualified Q1 variants such as INA4180A2QPWRQ1 serve automotive designs. Because the common-mode range is independent of the supply, the amplifier can monitor high-side shunts on a 24 V rail while operating from a 3.3 V or 5 V supply, eliminating level-shifting circuitry. The architecture uses a precision differential front end with internal gain-setting resistors, so no external precision resistors are required. Typical applications include industrial motor control, DC-DC converter output current monitoring, battery charging systems, telecom board power monitoring, LED lighting load sensing, and automotive load detection. Design tip: use precision Kelvin connections to the shunt, place input filter resistors close to the IC, and never exceed the 26 V common-mode limit without transient protection. As of 2026-08-30, pricing data should be confirmed with distributors.
IRPS5401MTRPBF - 5-Output Digital PMIC QFN-56 | Infineon
The Infineon IRPS5401MTRPBF is a highly integrated Power Management IC (PMIC) from the SupIRBuck family, packing five regulated outputs into a 56-pin QFN (7x7 mm) package: four switching buck regulators rated 4A, 4A, 2A and 2A, plus a 500mA source/sink linear regulator (LDO). It operates from a single 5.5V to 12V input rail, with output voltages adjustable from 0.25V to 5.1V for outputs A-D and 0.5V to 3.6V for the LDO. A PMIC is a specialized power management IC that consolidates voltage regulation, sequencing, monitoring, and protection into one package. In the power-management hierarchy it sits above individual buck converters and LDOs, adding digital control and telemetry. The IRPS5401MTRPBF exemplifies this integration, replacing multiple discrete regulators and reducing board area in high-density systems. Key features include digital configuration via the PMBus interface using Infineon's PowIRCenter tool, Adaptive Voltage Scaling (AVS) support, real-time monitoring of voltage, current, and temperature, and support for external power stages up to 50A. Comprehensive protection covers overcurrent, overvoltage, and overtemperature shutdown. The exposed-pad QFN-56 package delivers strong thermal performance for high power density. Technically, the device uses a digital control loop with programmable switching frequency, allowing optimization between efficiency and transient response. Sequencing and margining functions are critical for multi-rail loads such as FPGAs, ASICs, and processors. The integrated LDO supplies a low-noise rail for sensitive analog circuits. Typical applications include server and storage systems, networking and telecom infrastructure, and high-performance embedded computing where multiple precisely sequenced rails are required. Design considerations: provide proper input decoupling, add the recommended 2 ohm-1uF Vcc-to-VDRV filter, bypass the LDO output with a 1.0uF capacitor to analog ground (pin 50), and solder the exposed pad to a generous copper area for heat dissipation.