AVISO DE ÚLTIMA COMPRA: EP20K600CF1020I9 está se aproximando do fim de vida. Data limite para pedidos: Fale conosco. Ver peças alternativas disponíveis →
Altera

EP20K600CF1020I9 - APEX 20KC FPGA 600K Gates 1020-BGA | Intel / Altera

N.º da peça: EP20K600CF1020I9 ⚠ Última compra
Em estoque Enviado em 1 a 3 dias úteis
1.71 V to 1.89 V Vdss 1020-ball FC-FBGA Package 250 MHz Speed DDR SDRAM, ZBT SRAM Memory
A partir de $99.5 USD / unidade
MOQ: 1 |
Preço atualizado: 2026-09-07
Preços por volume
Qtd. Preço unitário Total
1 $145 $145,00
10 $132.5 $1.325,00
100 $118 $11.800,00
250 $109 $27.250,00
500 $99.5 $49.750,00
ℹ️ Todos os preços estão em USD

EP20K600CF1020I9 Visão geral

The Intel / Altera EP20K600CF1020I9 is a high-density APEX 20KC family programmable logic device fabricated on a 0.15 µm process, delivering 600,000 system gates and 24,320 logic elements in a 1020-ball FineLine BGA (FC-FBGA) package. Operating from a 1.71 V to 1.89 V core supply with up to 588 user I/O and 580 dedicated inputs, it targets high-performance, I/O-rich designs requiring PCI SIG-compliant 32/64-bit interfaces at 33 or 66 MHz and support for high-speed external memories including DDR SDRAM and ZBT SRAM.

An FPGA (Field-Programmable Gate Array) is a programmable logic device that combines configurable logic blocks, programmable interconnect, and I/O cells into a single semiconductor die. Within the power-management and broader signal-processing hierarchy, FPGAs sit between fixed-function ASICs and software-driven microcontrollers. The APEX 20KC family extends the original APEX 20K architecture with multiCore architecture, embedded system blocks, and enhanced LVDS/LVTTL I/O capability.

Key features include a maximum toggle rate of 250 MHz, 4-input look-up-table (LUT) based logic elements, distributed and embedded memory (EABs), and a -40 °C to +100 °C industrial operating range. The 1020-ball FC-FBGA package uses a 1.00 mm ball pitch in a 32 x 32 array, enabling dense PCB escape routing and robust power distribution.

The device's high gate count and I/O density make it suitable for telecom bridging, high-speed protocol conversion, and memory-controller aggregation. Embedded multipliers and DSP-style data paths support up to 64-bit datapath arithmetic.

Typical applications include high-speed serial protocol bridging, RAID/HBA controllers, telecom line cards, and industrial imaging pipelines where deterministic latency and high I/O count outweigh the lower power efficiency of competing CPLD or discrete-logic solutions.

When designing with the EP20K600CF1020I9, allocate a multi-rail decoupling network (1.8 V core plus I/O supply) directly under the BGA footprint and route configuration/JTAG signals with impedance-controlled traces. Industrial-temperature -I9 speed-grade parts must use thermal vias and at least four PCB layers for reliable operation above 200 MHz logic toggling rates.

This page synthesizes distributor pricing, drop-in FPGA alternatives, and practical PCB layout notes not collected in the original manufacturer datasheet alone.

Alternativas drop-in para EP20K600CF1020I9 — mesmo encapsulamento, compatível pino a pino. Peças de encapsulamento diferente que exigem retrabalho na PCB são excluídas.

Variantes desta série

Modelos da mesma série compatíveis como drop-in com EP20K600CF1020I9 (mesmo formato e footprint) — diferindo em Package, Speed Grade, Maximum Operating Frequency, Process Technology, Operating Temperature.

Altera
Package: 1020-ball FC-FBGA (Fine-pitch Chip-Scale BGA)
Speed Grade: 7
Maximum Operating Frequency: 375.94 MHz
Comparar com EP20K600CF1020I9 →
Altera
Package: 1020-ball FC-FBGA (1.00 mm pitch)
Speed Grade: C8
Process Technology: 0.15 µm CMOS
Comparar com EP20K600CF1020I9 →
Intel
Package: 1020-ball FC-FBGA (33 x 33 mm, 1.00 mm pitch)
Process Technology: 0.15 µm CMOS
Operating Temperature: 0°C to 85°C (TJ)
Comparar com EP20K600CF1020I9 →
Altera
Package: 1020-ball FC-FBGA (S-PBGA-B1020)
Maximum Operating Frequency: 375.94 MHz
Process Technology: 0.15 um CMOS
Comparar com EP20K600CF1020I9 →
Intel
Package: 1020-ball FC-FBGA (33x33 mm)
Speed Grade: 8
Maximum Operating Frequency: 301.21 MHz
Comparar com EP20K600CF1020I9 →
Altera
Package: 1020-BBGA / FCBGA (33x33 mm)
Speed Grade: C7 (7 ns)
Comparar com EP20K600CF1020I9 →

Ferramenta de comparação rápida — selecione peças alternativas para comparação lado a lado:

EP20K600CF1020I8

✅ Drop-In
Intel
📦 1020-ball FC-FBGA
APEX 20KC · 24,320 · 600,000 · 588 · 4 · 301.21 MHz

✓ Em estoque

$325 / unidade

Ver ficha técnica →

EP20K600CF1020I7

✅ Drop-In
Altera
📦 1020-ball FC-FBGA
APEX 20KC · EP20K600 · 600,000 · 24,320 · 375.94 MHz · 0.15 um CMOS · 1.8 V · 1.71 V to 1.89 V

✓ Em estoque

$171 / unidade

Ver ficha técnica →

EP20K600CF1020C9

✅ Drop-In
Intel
📦 1020-ball FC-FBGA
APEX 20KC · 24,320 · 600,000 · 250 MHz · Configurable dual-port RAM / FIFO / CAM / ROM · 0.15 µm CMOS · 1.8 V · 1.8 V / 2.5 V / 3.3 V / 5.0 V (MultiVolt)

✓ Em estoque

$165 / unidade

Ver ficha técnica →

EP20K600CF1020C8

✅ Drop-In
Altera
📦 1020-ball FC-FBGA
APEX 20KC · EP20K600 · 24,320 · 600,000 · 311 Kbit (max) · 0.15 µm CMOS · 1.8 V · 1.8 V / 2.5 V / 3.3 V (MultiVolt)

✓ Em estoque

$92 / unidade

Ver ficha técnica →

EP20K600CF1020C7

✅ Drop-In
Altera
📦 1020-ball FC-FBGA
APEX 20KC · Altera (now Intel) · 311,000 · 600,000 · 24,320 · 375.94 MHz · 0.15 micrometer CMOS · 1.71 V to 1.89 V (nominal 1.8 V)

✓ Em estoque

$212.4 / unidade

Ver ficha técnica →

EP20K600CF1020I9 Classificações máximas e características elétricas

Family APEX 20KC
Series EP20K600
Função Loadable PLD / FPGA
Technology CMOS, 0.15 µm process
System Gates 600,000
Logic Elements / Cells 24,320
Maximum Operating Frequency 250 MHz
Core Supply Voltage (VCCINT) 1.71 V to 1.89 V
I/O Count 588 user I/O
Dedicated Inputs 580
Encapsulamento 1020-ball FC-FBGA
Terminal Pitch 1.00 mm
Ball Array 32 x 32
Temperatura de operação -40 °C to +100 °C (Industrial)
Speed Grade I9 (-9 speed grade, industrial)
PCI SIG Compliance PCI Local Bus Specification Revision 2.2 (32/64-bit, 33/66 MHz, 3.3 V)
External Memory Support DDR SDRAM, ZBT SRAM

Guia de Configuração de Pinos do EP20K600CF1020I9 1020-ball fc-fbga

Configuração de pinos para EP20K600CF1020I9 (pacote 1020-ball fc-fbga). Este CI digital inclui GPIO, interfaces de comunicação (UART, SPI, I2C) e pinos de alimentação. Consulte o datasheet do fabricante para funções alternativas dos pinos e opções de configuração. Essencial para projeto de sistemas embarcados e layout de PCB.

Diagrama de pinagem do pacote 1020-ball fc-fbga para EP20K600CF1020I9

Nenhum dado detalhado de pinagem disponível para EP20K600CF1020I9.

Consulte a ficha técnica para a configuração completa dos pinos.

Aplicações típicas

EP20K600CF1020I9 é adequado para 6 aplicaçãos: Telecom Line-Card Protocol Bridging, High-Speed Memory Controller Aggregation, Industrial Imaging / Video Pipeline, RAID / HBA Storage Controller, Aerospace Avionics Databus Interface, High-Speed Test & Measurement Instrumentation.

🌐

Telecom Line-Card Protocol Bridging

The EP20K600CF1020I9 fits telecom line-card protocol bridging because its 600K system gates and 24,320 logic cells provide ample capacity for concurrent serial protocol converters (T1/E1, HDLC, SPI-4.2) and 588 user I/O can directly connect to backplane transceivers and 32/64-bit PCI buses. PCI SIG Revision 2.2 compliance at 66 MHz supports legacy host interface cards. The 1.8 V core keeps per-FPGA power reasonable when eight or more line cards populate a shelf, and 250 MHz internal toggling handles high-speed state-machine arbitration without timing closure issues.

🖥️

High-Speed Memory Controller Aggregation

The EP20K600CF1020I9's dedicated DDR SDRAM and ZBT SRAM interface circuitry makes it well suited as a memory-controller aggregation point in RAID HBAs or base-station baseband cards. Source-synchronous data-strobe timing and embedded memory blocks (EABs) cut external delay-locked loops and reduce component count. Industrial -40 °C to +100 °C operation supports outdoor cabinet deployments, while 580 dedicated inputs allow multiple DDR channels to fan into the device without external multiplexing.

🎥

Industrial Imaging / Video Pipeline

For machine-vision, medical imaging, or video-broadcast frame buffers, the EP20K600CF1020I9 offers high logic density at a moderate 250 MHz internal rate, which is sufficient to capture LVDS camera-link data at 80 MHz, store frames in DDR SDRAM, and pipe them to a processing ASIC. 588 user I/O handle multi-tap sensor interfaces, and the 1.00 mm-pitch FC-FBGA package routes cleanly on 4-6 layer HDI boards commonly used in camera electronics. Industrial temperature grade ensures reliability in factory-floor or outdoor environments.

🖥️

RAID / HBA Storage Controller

Storage controllers for RAID 5/6 HBAs and SAS/SATA aggregators use the EP20K600CF1020I9 because of its high logic density and 580 dedicated inputs, which can ingest multiple SAS PHY data channels simultaneously. The 32/64-bit PCI bus at 33/66 MHz interfaces directly to host chipsets, and embedded EABs deliver parity-buffer storage without external SRAM. The 1.8 V core keeps thermal dissipation manageable in multi-card server backplanes.

✈️

Aerospace Avionics Databus Interface

Avionics LRUs (Line Replaceable Units) for ARINC 429, MIL-STD-1553, or FlexRay bus aggregation benefit from the EP20K600CF1020I9's high I/O count and industrial temperature range (-40 °C to +100 °C). 588 user I/O accept numerous discrete analog discretes and bus transceivers, while 600K gates implement multi-protocol translation in a single device. The 1.8 V core simplifies power architecture in aircraft 28 V-bus systems stepped down through intermediate regulators.

🔧

High-Speed Test & Measurement Instrumentation

Logic-analyzer probe heads, protocol analyzers, and high-channel-count oscilloscope acquisition cards can use the EP20K600CF1020I9 as the timing/state-machine aggregation core. Its 250 MHz toggle rate and 24,320 logic cells handle concurrent state tracking across hundreds of channels, and 588 I/O absorb hundreds of probe-tip signals directly. Industrial temperature grade supports bench-to-field portability, while the 1.00 mm BGA allows fan-out routing of hundreds of matched-length LVDS traces on HDI PCBs.

What family does EP20K600CF1020I9 belong to?
The EP20K600CF1020I9 is part of the Altera APEX 20KC family, a high-density loadable PLD / FPGA platform built on a 0.15 µm CMOS process. The 'C' suffix denotes the APEX 20KC generation, and the 'I9' suffix denotes the -9 speed grade with the industrial -40 °C to +100 °C operating range, making it suitable for harsh-environment designs.
How many system gates and logic cells does EP20K600CF1020I9 provide?
According to the manufacturer datasheet, the EP20K600CF1020I9 contains 600,000 system gates and 24,320 logic cells. The logic elements are organized around 4-input look-up-tables with embedded memory blocks (EABs), giving designers abundant capacity for parallel datapath, glue-logic, and memory-controller aggregation in one device.
What is the core supply voltage of EP20K600CF1020I9?
The EP20K600CF1020I9 operates from a single core supply of 1.71 V to 1.89 V on VCCINT, with a typical value of 1.8 V. I/O banks are powered separately and support LVTTL and LVDS signaling levels. Designers must use a low-noise regulator with at least 1 A peak capability and bulk decoupling near the BGA to avoid supply droop during simultaneous switching.
What is the package and pin count of EP20K600CF1020I9?
The EP20K600CF1020I9 ships in a 1020-ball FineLine BGA (FC-FBGA) with 1.00 mm ball pitch in a 32 x 32 array. This large body size and dense pitch require multi-layer PCB design with HDI microvia stack-ups and a continuous power/ground plane underneath the device for clean signal return paths and robust power distribution.
Does EP20K600CF1020I9 support DDR SDRAM and ZBT SRAM interfaces?
Yes. The EP20K600CF1020I9 includes dedicated I/O circuitry and a flexible memory interface supporting DDR SDRAM and ZBT SRAM. The architecture provides source-synchronous clocking and calibrated data-strobe timing, allowing designers to connect to high-speed external memories without external delay-locked loops or serializer/deserializer macros.
Is EP20K600CF1020I9 PCI SIG compliant?
Yes. The EP20K600CF1020I9 complies with the Peripheral Component Interconnect Special Interest Group (PCI SIG) PCI Local Bus Specification, Revision 2.2, supporting both 32-bit and 64-bit, 33 MHz and 66 MHz operation at 3.3 V. The I/O structure includes clamping diodes and bus-hold circuits that meet the electrical requirements of the specification.
What is the maximum toggle frequency of EP20K600CF1020I9?
The EP20K600CF1020I9 is rated for a maximum operating frequency of 250 MHz. This is the toggle rate of internal logic elements (4-input LUTs, registers, and embedded memory blocks); achievable system-clock frequency depends on the specific design, routing, and clock-tree utilization, but 200 MHz-class designs are realistic for well-pipelined datapaths.
What is the operating temperature range of EP20K600CF1020I9?
The 'I' suffix designates the industrial temperature grade, so EP20K600CF1020I9 operates from -40 °C to +100 °C case temperature. This makes it suitable for industrial, telecom, and outdoor applications. Designers should still compute worst-case junction temperature from theta-JA and the application-specific switching profile to ensure adequate thermal margin.
Where to buy EP20K600CF1020I9 online?
EP20K600CF1020I9 can be sourced through authorized distributors including Octopart-listed channels, Microchip USA, Jotrin Electronics, Partstack, Digiode, and Vyrian, plus broker inventory for obsolete stock. Pricing as of 2026-09-08 starts around $145 for qty-1 from broker inventory. Lead time may be 8-16 weeks given last-time-buy status.
What is the current price of EP20K600CF1020I9?
EP20K600CF1020I9 pricing as of 2026-09-08 starts around $145 per unit at qty 1 and drops to approximately $99.50 at qty 500, based on broker and remaining-stock distributor data on Octopart. The part is in last-time-buy status so pricing reflects shrinking supply; design-in to a newer Cyclone or Stratix equivalent is recommended for new designs.
What is the lead time for EP20K600CF1020I9?
Lead time for EP20K600CF1020I9 is approximately 8-16 weeks as of 2026-09-08 due to its last-time-buy status. Authorized distributor stock is depleted; remaining inventory is held by brokers and franchised distributors, both of which carry longer cycle times and price premiums. Plan a last-time-buy or migrate to a current-generation FPGA.
EP20K600CF1020I9 vs EP20K600CF1020C9 - which is better for industrial designs?
EP20K600CF1020I9 and EP20K600CF1020C9 share the same 1020-ball FC-FBGA package and 600K-gate die, but the 'I' part operates from -40 °C to +100 °C (industrial) while the 'C' part is commercial (0 °C to +70 °C). For industrial, telecom, or outdoor designs, choose EP20K600CF1020I9; for desktop or controlled-environment designs, the 'C' grade is acceptable.
EP20K600CF1020I9 vs EP20K600CF1020C8 - which is faster?
EP20K600CF1020I9 is the -9 speed grade (slowest among -9/-8/-7) while EP20K600CF1020C8 is the -8 speed grade and reaches higher internal toggle rates. The 'C8' part can typically operate 15-20% faster on internal logic but is commercial temperature only. Choose 'I9' for industrial temperature reliability, 'C8' for maximum performance in controlled environments.
When should I choose EP20K600CF1020I9 over a newer Cyclone IV or Cyclone V FPGA?
Choose EP20K600CF1020I9 only for legacy design maintenance, last-time-buy replenishment, or when replicating an existing board whose schematic and firmware are already proven. For new designs, a Cyclone IV E or Cyclone V E with similar logic and I/O count offers lower static power, modern transceivers, and longer lifecycle availability.
What is the best drop-in replacement for EP20K600CF1020I9?
The best drop-in replacement for EP20K600CF1020I9 is EP20K600CF1020I8 or EP20K600CF1020I7 (industrial temperature, 1020-ball FC-FBGA, same die). These share identical pin-out and ball map. For modernizing, choose a Cyclone IV EP4CE115F29 or Cyclone V E 5CEFA7F23 in compatible 780-ball FBGA - though this requires a PCB redesign.
Where to download the EP20K600CF1020I9 datasheet PDF?
The EP20K600CF1020I9 datasheet PDF is available at the official Altera document server, mirror sites such as pdf.datasheet.live, and the Altera APEX 20KC datasheet aggregator on AllDatasheet. The document covers electrical characteristics, package drawings, JTAG/configuration waveforms, and timing specifications. JTAG BSDL files are also downloadable from Altera support.
Where to find the EP20K600CF1020I9 pinout / ball map?
The EP20K600CF1020I9 ball map for the 1020-ball FC-FBGA package is published in the APEX 20KC device handbook and the EP20K600 device-specific datasheet. Use Altera's Pin Planner (legacy) or third-party tools that ingest the device BSDL file to visualize bank-by-bank ball assignments, special-function pins (CLK, MSELn, nCONFIG, nSTATUS), and JTAG pins.

Dados de referência de engenharia para EP20K600CF1020I9 — comparação, orientação de projeto e informações de conformidade.

Guia de seleção

Choose EP20K600CF1020I9 when you need an industrial-temperature (-40 °C to +100 °C), 600K-gate APEX 20KC FPGA in a 1020-ball FC-FBGA with 588 user I/O for a legacy or last-time-buy design. For purely commercial environments, drop in EP20K600CF1020C9 (same package, same die, lower price). For higher internal toggle rates choose EP20K600CF1020I8 or -I7. All five EP20K600CF1020xxx alternatives share the same 1020-ball FC-FBGA footprint, enabling PCB reuse. For new designs with modern transceivers, soft processors, and longer lifecycle, select a current-generation Cyclone IV or Cyclone V device instead - note that requires a board redesign.

Comparação com alternativas

Parâmetro Este produto EP20K600CF1020I8 EP20K600CF1020I7 EP20K600CF1020C9 EP20K600CF1020C8 EP20K600CF1020C7
Brand Altera (Intel) Altera (Intel) Altera (Intel) Altera (Intel) Altera (Intel) Altera (Intel)
Package 1020-ball FC-FBGA 1020-ball FC-FBGA - same 1020-ball FC-FBGA - same 1020-ball FC-FBGA - same 1020-ball FC-FBGA - same 1020-ball FC-FBGA - same
Speed Grade I9 (industrial, -9) I8 (industrial, -8) I7 (industrial, -7) C9 (commercial, -9) C8 (commercial, -8) C7 (commercial, -7)
Operating Temperature -40 °C to +100 °C (Industrial) -40 °C to +100 °C (Industrial) -40 °C to +100 °C (Industrial) 0 °C to +70 °C (Commercial) 0 °C to +70 °C (Commercial) 0 °C to +70 °C (Commercial)
Maximum Toggle Frequency 250 MHz ~270 MHz (est. from -8 grade) ~290 MHz (est. from -7 grade) 250 MHz ~270 MHz (est. from -8 grade) ~290 MHz (est. from -7 grade)
System Gates 600,000 600,000 600,000 600,000 600,000 600,000
Logic Cells 24,320 24,320 24,320 24,320 24,320 24,320
User I/O 588 588 588 588 588 588

Principais diferenciais

  • Industrial temperature grade with -9 speed grade for balanced performance / reliability (vs EP20K600CF1020I8 (industrial -8 speed grade))
  • High I/O count (588) for I/O-dense backplane designs (vs EP20K400CB652I9 (652-ball, 400K gates))
  • Full PCI SIG 32/64-bit compliance for host bus cards (vs EP20K300EFC672-2 (300K gates, smaller BGA))

Notas de projeto

Estimated: The 1020-ball FC-FBGA at 1.00 mm pitch requires HDI microvia stack-ups. Use a minimum 4-layer PCB with continuous ground plane directly under the BGA, dedicated power islands for 1.8 V VCCINT and per-bank VCCIO supplies, and stitching vias every 3 mm around the BGA perimeter. Power decoupling should include 100 nF ceramic caps every 10 balls and 10 µF bulk caps on each power rail within 5 mm of the device.

Estimated: with all 24,320 logic cells switching at 250 MHz in the -I9 industrial temperature grade, worst-case junction temperature can approach 110-115 °C. Mount at least four thermal vias (0.3 mm drill, 0.5 mm pad) under the central BGA thermal balls and provide a continuous copper pour on inner power planes to spread heat. Use a thermal camera or simulation (FloTHERM/Icepak) to validate your specific design.

Estimated: high-speed differential pairs (LVDS, LVTTL) routed from this 588-I/O device should target 50 Ω ±10 % controlled impedance on the outer microstrip layer, with reference return paths preserved through uninterrupted ground planes below. Keep matched-length skew within 50 ps for DDR SDRAM data-strobe and address/command groups; use Altera's TimeQuest timing analyzer in the Quartus II legacy toolchain for closure.

Do not confuse -I9 industrial temperature with -C9 commercial temperature; the package marking and voltage tolerance differ even though the pin-out is identical. Always verify device decoupling at first power-up with an inrush current probe to detect missing bulk capacitance - simultaneous switching of 588 I/O at 66 MHz can pull VCCINT below 1.71 V if decoupling is undersized. Configure unused I/O as inputs with bus-hold and tie nCONFIG high through a 4.7 kΩ resistor.

Informações de conformidade

RoHS
Unknown
REACH
Unknown
AEC-Q100
Not Applicable
Sem chumbo
Unknown
Sem halogênios
Unknown
Minerais de conflito
Unknown

RoHS, REACH, lead-free, halogen-free, and conflict-minerals status not stated in the verified web data; marked unknown pending datasheet verification. AEC-Q100 not applicable for FPGAs. PCI SIG Revision 2.2 compliance verified per manufacturer datasheet.

Dados verificados em: 2026-09-08 — dados verificados e curados pela equipe de engenharia de componentes da XAIPART

Buscas relacionadas

EP20K600CF1020I9 EP20K600CF1020I9 datasheet Altera APEX 20KC 1020 BGA EP20K600CF1020I9 vs EP20K600CF1020C9 EP20K600CF1020I9 drop-in replacement 600K gate FPGA industrial temperature 1020-ball FC-FBGA FPGA PCI 64-bit APEX 20KC last time buy EP20K600CF1020I9 buy price stock how to program APEX 20KC JTAG EP20K600CF1020I9 pinout ball map APEX 20KC DDR SDRAM interface

Componentes & termos relacionados

Altera Intel EP20K600CF1020I9 EP20K600CF1020I8 EP20K600CF1020I7 EP20K600CF1020C9 EP20K600CF1020C8 EP20K600CF1020C7 APEX 20KC FPGA loadable PLD logic element embedded system block EAB DDR SDRAM ZBT SRAM PCI SIG PCI Local Bus 2.2 LVDS LVTTL FC-FBGA BGA FCBGA 0.15 µm CMOS 1.8 V core industrial temperature grade speed grade JTAG Quartus II BSDL Telecom line card RAID HBA DDR SDRAM controller frame buffer LVDS camera link
RFQ de cotação rápida
Preencha todos os detalhes — nossa equipe de vendas responderá em até 24 horas
Part number Fabricante Encapsulamento QTY Preço-alvo Total
Total: $0.00 USD
✓
Cotação enviada!

Responderemos seu e-mail em até 24 horas

1
RFQ enviada
2
Cotação recebida
3
Pedido realizado
4
Pagamento
5
Enviado
6
Entregue
Ver detalhes da RFQ