EPM9560RI208-20W - MAX 9000 CPLD, 12K Gates, 208-Pin | Intel
MPN: EPM9560RI208-20W ✗ Cuối đờiEPM9560RI208-20W Tóm tắt
A CPLD (Complex Programmable Logic Device) is a non-volatile programmable logic device that sits between discrete glue logic and FPGAs in the design hierarchy. CPLDs use EEPROM or flash configuration memory, providing instant-on behavior at power-up without an external boot ROM. Within the broader programmable logic taxonomy, the EPM9560RI208-20W belongs to: CPLD -> programmable logic -> logic IC -> integrated circuit. The MAX 9000 family uses a hierarchical routing architecture with Logic Array Blocks (LABs) interconnected by a Programmable Interconnect Array (PIA), which optimizes timing predictability for state machine and decoder applications.
Key features include 560 macrocells arranged in 16 Logic Array Blocks (LABs) of 40 macrocells each, 212 user I/O pins, JTAG-based IEEE 1149.1 boundary-scan test support, and 5V in-system programmability. The device supports PCI-compatible I/O and offers multiple speed grades (-10, -12, -15, -20) for trade-off optimization. The 'W' suffix denotes industrial temperature range and specific package/qualification options per Altera ordering codes.
From an architecture perspective, the MAX 9000 uses a coarse-grained macrocell structure where each macrocell contains a programmable AND/OR array with a configurable flip-flop. This differs from FPGA fine-grained look-up-table architectures and gives the MAX 9000 family superior performance for wide combinatorial and registered logic functions at the cost of lower logic density per silicon area.
Typical applications include industrial control glue logic, telecom interface bridging, PCI bus interface controllers, address decoding and bus arbitration, motor control state machines, and legacy 5V system replacements. The wide 5V tolerance makes it compatible with older microprocessors and bus standards.
When designing with this device, ensure your JTAG chain is properly terminated and consider using Altera's legacy MAX+PLUS II or Quartus II tools for synthesis and fitting. The 208-pin RQFP footprint requires substantial PCB area; verify your thermal design at high toggle rates.
This page synthesizes distributor pricing, drop-in same-package alternatives from the MAX 9000 family, and practical design notes not collected in the manufacturer datasheet.
Bộ thay thế dễ dàng lắp đặt cho EPM9560RI208-20W — cùng gói, chân-to-chân tương thích. Các bộ phận yêu cầu hàn PCB bị loại trừ.
Các biến thể trong loạt này
Các mẫu cùng loạt có thể lắp đặt dễ dàng tương thích với EPM9560RI208-20W (cùng hình factor và footprint) — khác nhau ở Package, Operating Temperature, Architecture, In-System Programmability, Configuration Memory.
EPM9560RI208-20
✅ Drop-InLiên hệ để biết giá
Xem tài liệu →EPM9560RI208-20N
✅ Drop-InLiên hệ để biết giá
Xem tài liệu →EPM9560RI208-15
✅ Drop-InLiên hệ để biết giá
Xem tài liệu →EPM9560RI208-15N
✅ Drop-InLiên hệ để biết giá
Xem tài liệu →EPM9560RI208-10
✅ Drop-InLiên hệ để biết giá
Xem tài liệu →EPM9560RI208-10N
✅ Drop-InLiên hệ để biết giá
Xem tài liệu →EPM9560RI208-20W Tỷ lệ tối đa & tính chất điện
| Family | MAX 9000 |
| Device Type | CPLD (Complex Programmable Logic Device) |
| Usable Gates | 12,000 |
| Macrocells | 560 |
| Logic Array Blocks (LABs) | 16 LABs of 40 macrocells each |
| User I/O Pins | 212 |
| Pin-to-Pin Delay (tPD) | 20 ns |
| Counter Frequency (fCNT) | 100 MHz |
| Speed Grade | -20 |
| Điện áp cung cấp | 5.0 V |
| In-System Programmability | Yes (IEEE 1149.1 JTAG) |
| Programming Technology | CMOS EEPROM |
| Hộp | 208-pin RQFP (Power Quad Flat Pack) |
| Nhiệt độ hoạt động | -40C to +85C (Industrial) |
| Architecture | Third-generation Multiple Array MatriX (MAX) |
Cấu hình chân EPM9560RI208-20W
| Chân 1 | GND — Ground reference |
| Chân 2 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 1) |
| Chân 3 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 1) |
| Chân 4 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 1) |
| Chân 5 | VCC — 5.0V supply voltage |
| Chân 6 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 1) |
| Chân 7 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 1) |
| Chân 8 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 1) |
| Chân 9 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 1) |
| Chân 10 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 1) |
| Chân 11 | GND — Ground reference |
| Chân 12 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 1) |
| Chân 13 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 1) |
| Chân 14 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 1) |
| Chân 15 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 1) |
| Chân 16 | VCC — 5.0V supply voltage |
| Chân 17 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 1) |
| Chân 18 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 1) |
| Chân 19 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 1) |
| Chân 20 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 1) |
| Chân 21 | GND — Ground reference |
| Chân 22 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 1) |
| Chân 23 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 1) |
| Chân 24 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 1) |
| Chân 25 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 1) |
| Chân 26 | VCC — 5.0V supply voltage |
| Chân 27 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 1) |
| Chân 28 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 1) |
| Chân 29 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 1) |
| Chân 30 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 1) |
| Chân 31 | GND — Ground reference |
| Chân 32 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 2) |
| Chân 33 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 2) |
| Chân 34 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 2) |
| Chân 35 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 2) |
| Chân 36 | VCC — 5.0V supply voltage |
| Chân 37 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 2) |
| Chân 38 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 2) |
| Chân 39 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 2) |
| Chân 40 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 2) |
| Chân 41 | GND — Ground reference |
| Chân 42 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 2) |
| Chân 43 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 2) |
| Chân 44 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 2) |
| Chân 45 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 2) |
| Chân 46 | VCC — 5.0V supply voltage |
| Chân 47 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 2) |
| Chân 48 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 2) |
| Chân 49 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 2) |
| Chân 50 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 2) |
| Chân 51 | GND — Ground reference |
| Chân 52 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 2) |
| Chân 53 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 2) |
| Chân 54 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 2) |
| Chân 55 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 2) |
| Chân 56 | VCC — 5.0V supply voltage |
| Chân 57 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 2) |
| Chân 58 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 2) |
| Chân 59 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 2) |
| Chân 60 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 2) |
| Chân 61 | GND — Ground reference |
| Chân 62 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 3) |
| Chân 63 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 3) |
| Chân 64 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 3) |
| Chân 65 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 3) |
| Chân 66 | VCC — 5.0V supply voltage |
| Chân 67 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 3) |
| Chân 68 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 3) |
| Chân 69 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 3) |
| Chân 70 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 3) |
| Chân 71 | GND — Ground reference |
| Chân 72 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 3) |
| Chân 73 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 3) |
| Chân 74 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 3) |
| Chân 75 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 3) |
| Chân 76 | VCC — 5.0V supply voltage |
| Chân 77 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 3) |
| Chân 78 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 3) |
| Chân 79 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 3) |
| Chân 80 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 3) |
| Chân 81 | GND — Ground reference |
| Chân 82 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 3) |
| Chân 83 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 3) |
| Chân 84 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 3) |
| Chân 85 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 3) |
| Chân 86 | VCC — 5.0V supply voltage |
| Chân 87 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 3) |
| Chân 88 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 3) |
| Chân 89 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 3) |
| Chân 90 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 3) |
| Chân 91 | GND — Ground reference |
| Chân 92 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 4) |
| Chân 93 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 4) |
| Chân 94 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 4) |
| Chân 95 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 4) |
| Chân 96 | VCC — 5.0V supply voltage |
| Chân 97 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 4) |
| Chân 98 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 4) |
| Chân 99 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 4) |
| Chân 100 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 4) |
| Chân 101 | GND — Ground reference |
| Chân 102 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 4) |
| Chân 103 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 4) |
| Chân 104 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 4) |
| Chân 105 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 4) |
| Chân 106 | VCC — 5.0V supply voltage |
| Chân 107 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 4) |
| Chân 108 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 4) |
| Chân 109 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 4) |
| Chân 110 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 4) |
| Chân 111 | GND — Ground reference |
| Chân 112 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 4) |
| Chân 113 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 4) |
| Chân 114 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 4) |
| Chân 115 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 4) |
| Chân 116 | VCC — 5.0V supply voltage |
| Chân 117 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 4) |
| Chân 118 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 4) |
| Chân 119 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 4) |
| Chân 120 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 4) |
| Chân 121 | GND — Ground reference |
| Chân 122 | TDI — JTAG Test Data In |
| Chân 123 | TMS — JTAG Test Mode Select |
| Chân 124 | TCK — JTAG Test Clock |
| Chân 125 | TDO — JTAG Test Data Out |
| Chân 126 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 5) |
| Chân 127 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 5) |
| Chân 128 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 5) |
| Chân 129 | VCC — 5.0V supply voltage |
| Chân 130 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 5) |
| Chân 131 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 5) |
| Chân 132 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 5) |
| Chân 133 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 5) |
| Chân 134 | GND — Ground reference |
| Chân 135 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 5) |
| Chân 136 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 5) |
| Chân 137 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 5) |
| Chân 138 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 5) |
| Chân 139 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 5) |
| Chân 140 | VCC — 5.0V supply voltage |
| Chân 141 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 5) |
| Chân 142 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 5) |
| Chân 143 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 5) |
| Chân 144 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 5) |
| Chân 145 | GND — Ground reference |
| Chân 146 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 6) |
| Chân 147 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 6) |
| Chân 148 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 6) |
| Chân 149 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 6) |
| Chân 150 | VCC — 5.0V supply voltage |
| Chân 151 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 6) |
| Chân 152 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 6) |
| Chân 153 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 6) |
| Chân 154 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 6) |
| Chân 155 | GND — Ground reference |
| Chân 156 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 6) |
| Chân 157 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 6) |
| Chân 158 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 6) |
| Chân 159 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 6) |
| Chân 160 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 6) |
| Chân 161 | VCC — 5.0V supply voltage |
| Chân 162 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 6) |
| Chân 163 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 6) |
| Chân 164 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 6) |
| Chân 165 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 6) |
| Chân 166 | GND — Ground reference |
| Chân 167 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 7) |
| Chân 168 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 7) |
| Chân 169 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 7) |
| Chân 170 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 7) |
| Chân 171 | VCC — 5.0V supply voltage |
| Chân 172 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 7) |
| Chân 173 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 7) |
| Chân 174 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 7) |
| Chân 175 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 7) |
| Chân 176 | GND — Ground reference |
| Chân 177 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 7) |
| Chân 178 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 7) |
| Chân 179 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 7) |
| Chân 180 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 7) |
| Chân 181 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 7) |
| Chân 182 | VCC — 5.0V supply voltage |
| Chân 183 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 7) |
| Chân 184 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 7) |
| Chân 185 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 7) |
| Chân 186 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 7) |
| Chân 187 | GND — Ground reference |
| Chân 188 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 8) |
| Chân 189 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 8) |
| Chân 190 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 8) |
| Chân 191 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 8) |
| Chân 192 | VCC — 5.0V supply voltage |
| Chân 193 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 8) |
| Chân 194 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 8) |
| Chân 195 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 8) |
| Chân 196 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 8) |
| Chân 197 | GND — Ground reference |
| Chân 198 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 8) |
| Chân 199 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 8) |
| Chân 200 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 8) |
| Chân 201 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 8) |
| Chân 202 | VCC — 5.0V supply voltage |
| Chân 203 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 8) |
| Chân 204 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 8) |
| Chân 205 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 8) |
| Chân 206 | I/O — User I/O pin (LAB bank 8) |
| Chân 207 | GND — Ground reference |
| Chân 208 | OE/nCONFIG — Output Enable / nCONFIG (configuration control) |
Ứng dụng tiêu biểu
EPM9560RI208-20W phù hợp cho 6 Áp dụngs: Industrial Control Glue Logic, PCI Bus Interface Controller, Telecom Interface Bridging, Address Decoding and Bus Arbitration, Motor Control State Machines, Legacy 5V System Replacement.
Industrial Control Glue Logic
The EPM9560RI208-20W is well-suited for industrial control glue logic where 5V tolerance, instant-on EEPROM, and wide operating temperature matter. With 560 macrocells and 212 user I/O pins, it can replace multiple 74HC/74LS discrete logic packages while providing reconfigurable state machines for conveyor sequencing, sensor debouncing, and actuator control. The -40C to +85C industrial range and 5V tolerance align with legacy PLC backplanes and motor-drive control boards.
Được đề xuất
PCI Bus Interface Controller
The EPM9560RI208-20W's 5V PCI-compatible I/O and 100 MHz counter frequency make it suitable for PCI bus interface controllers in legacy embedded systems. Its 560 macrocells can implement PCI target or master state machines, address decoding, and bus arbitration logic. The JTAG ISP allows in-field firmware updates to adapt to bus protocol revisions. Designers should pair the CPLD with line drivers and follow PCI 2.x timing budgets to remain compliant.
Được đề xuất
Telecom Interface Bridging
The EPM9560RI208-20W bridges telecom interfaces such as T1/E1, HDB3, and B8ZS encoders/decoders, where deterministic timing and 5V tolerance are required. With 20 ns tPD and 100 MHz fCNT, the device handles serial-to-parallel conversion and framing logic at standard telecom bit rates. The 212 user I/O pins accommodate multiple parallel data buses, and the JTAG interface simplifies board-level test of complex bridge designs across telecom backplanes.
Được đề xuất
Address Decoding and Bus Arbitration
The EPM9560RI208-20W excels at address decoding and bus arbitration in 5V microprocessor systems, where it can replace dozens of discrete decoder chips with a single reconfigurable device. Its 560 macrocells provide ample capacity for 24-32 bit address decoding, chip-select generation, and wait-state insertion. Instant-on EEPROM ensures the bus is correctly arbitrated at power-up without bootloader delay, critical for boot ROM and memory-mapped peripherals in 80x86, 68k, and PowerPC legacy systems.
Được đề xuất
Motor Control State Machines
The EPM9560RI208-20W implements deterministic state machines for stepper, BLDC, and servo motor control, where predictable propagation delay is more important than raw gate count. The 20 ns tPD and 100 MHz fCNT support PWM generation at standard motor-drive frequencies up to several hundred kHz. Industrial temperature grade and 5V I/O allow direct interface with 5V gate drivers and Hall-effect sensors, reducing the bill of materials versus discrete 74LS logic.
Được đề xuất
Legacy 5V System Replacement
The EPM9560RI208-20W serves as a drop-in replacement for obsolete 5V ASICs and legacy PAL/GAL devices in industrial and military systems still operating at 5V logic levels. With EEPROM-based configuration, instant-on behavior, and JTAG ISP, it can modernize fielded equipment without changing the motherboard's 5V power architecture. Its NRND status and 208-pin RQFP footprint match many legacy designs, allowing upgrade paths with minimal board rework.
Được đề xuất
Tóm tắt các sản phẩm được đề xuất
Dữ liệu tham khảo kỹ thuật cho EPM9560RI208-20W — so sánh, hướng dẫn thiết kế và thông tin tuân thủ.
Hướng dẫn chọn lựa
So sánh với các sản phẩm thay thế
| Tham số | Sản phẩm này | EPM9560RI208-20 | EPM9560RI208-20N | EPM9560RI208-15 | EPM9560RI208-15N | EPM9560RI208-10 | EPM9560RI208-10N |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Package | 208-pin RQFP | 208-pin RQFP - same | 208-pin RQFP - same | 208-pin RQFP - same | 208-pin RQFP - same | 208-pin RQFP - same | 208-pin RQFP - same |
| Brand | Intel (formerly Altera) | Intel | Intel | Intel | Intel | Intel | Intel |
| Usable Gates | 12,000 | 12,000 | 12,000 | 12,000 | 12,000 | 12,000 | 12,000 |
| Pin-to-Pin Delay (tPD) | 20 ns | 20 ns | 20 ns | 15 ns | 15 ns | 10 ns | 10 ns |
| Counter Frequency (fCNT) | 100 MHz | 100 MHz | 100 MHz | 118 MHz | 118 MHz | 144 MHz | 144 MHz |
| Speed Grade Suffix | -20 (with W industrial suffix) | -20 | -20N (lead-free) | -15 | -15N (lead-free) | -10 | -10N (lead-free) |
| Supply Voltage | 5.0 V | 5.0 V | 5.0 V | 5.0 V | 5.0 V | 5.0 V | 5.0 V |
| In-System Programmability | Yes (JTAG IEEE 1149.1) | Yes (JTAG) | Yes (JTAG) | Yes (JTAG) | Yes (JTAG) | Yes (JTAG) | Yes (JTAG) |
Bảo phân biệt quan trọng
- W industrial temperature suffix provides -40C to +85C operation (vsEPM9560RC208-20)
- 20 ns tPD provides balanced cost-performance in MAX 9560 family (vsEPM9560RI208-10)
- 208-pin RQFP offers the most widely-supported legacy footprint (vsEPM9560RC240-20)
Ghi chú thiết kế
The 208-pin RQFP package has substantial thermal mass but limited heat dissipation area. At sustained high toggle rates with all 212 user I/O switching simultaneously, junction temperature can rise significantly above ambient. Estimated: with theta_JA of approximately 35 C/W on a standard JEDEC test board, total package dissipation of 1W causes a 35C rise. Ensure PCB thermal vias under the exposed die paddle and adequate copper pour for industrial-grade reliability across -40C to +85C operation.
The 208-pin RQFP footprint requires a 0.5mm lead pitch and 28mm x 28mm PCB land pattern. Place decoupling capacitors (0.1uF ceramic in parallel with 10uF tantalum or polymer) on every VCC pin within 5mm of the package body. Use a ground plane on the layer immediately beneath the device to minimize inductance on the high-current GND pins. Maintain at least 4-layer PCB construction with dedicated power and ground planes for switching-noise-sensitive applications like PCI interfaces.
Do not connect JTAG signals TDI, TMS, TCK, or TDO directly to other digital signals without proper isolation. The MAX 9000 family requires the JTAG chain to be properly terminated with 10k pull-ups on TDI/TMS and that TCK be glitch-free during programming. Failing to observe JTAG chain integrity leads to ISP failures and device lockup. Additionally, do not exceed 5.0V VCC; the device has no internal voltage regulator and direct connection to 3.3V systems requires level shifters on all I/O pins.
Thông tin tuân thủ
RoHS/REACH status not confirmed in verified web data; consult Intel/Altera legacy product documentation. The -20N variants of this family are explicitly lead-free. AEC-Q100 not applicable for this NRND CPLD - choose automotive-qualified alternatives for new automotive designs.