STM32F427VGT6 - 180MHz Cortex-M4 MCU 1MB Flash LQFP-100 | STMicroelectronics
MPN: STM32F427VGT6 ✓ Hoạt độngSTM32F427VGT6 Tóm tắt
What is a Cortex-M4 microcontroller? A microcontroller (MCU) is a single-chip computer integrating a CPU core, program memory (Flash), working memory (SRAM), and peripherals such as timers, ADCs, and communication interfaces. The ARM Cortex-M4 is a 32-bit RISC core designed for deterministic real-time embedded applications, with optional single-precision FPU and DSP extensions. Within the broader taxonomy, the Cortex-M4 belongs to the Cortex-M class -> 32-bit MCU -> microcontroller -> embedded processing -> semiconductor. The STM32F4 line is ST's high-performance Cortex-M4 family, sitting above Cortex-M0/M0+/M3 in compute capability and below Cortex-M7 in raw DSP throughput.
Key features of the STM32F427VGT6 include: up to 17 timers, three 12-bit ADCs with 2.4 MSPS, two 12-bit DACs, USB 2.0 OTG full-speed + high-speed with on-chip PHY, two CAN 2.0B controllers, an Ethernet MAC, an LCD-TFT controller (F427 line), crypto/hash accelerators, and up to 114 general-purpose I/Os. The 100-pin LQFP package exposes 82 GPIO-capable pins, multiple USART/UART/SPI/I2C interfaces, and SDIO/SDMMC for storage mass expansion.
Architecturally, the device pairs a 3-stage pipeline Cortex-M4 core with a multi-layer AHB/APB bus matrix and an ART Accelerator that prefetches and caches instructions from Flash to remove wait states at 180 MHz. The on-chip voltage regulator supports 1.8V-3.6V single-supply operation, with a low-power RTC domain retaining 32 backup registers across Standby/Shutdown modes. Cryptographic acceleration (AES 128/256, SHA-1/SHA-2, TRNG) provides hardware offload for secure boot and TLS payload processing.
Typical applications include industrial automation (PLC, HMI, motor drives), medical instrumentation, point-of-sale terminals, building security panels, audio/video consumer appliances, smart-grid metering, and Ethernet-connected IoT gateways. The combination of Ethernet MAC, USB OTG HS, and TFT controller supports graphics terminals and Human-Machine Interfaces without an external graphics IC.
When designing with the STM32F427VGT6, ensure VBAT is supplied for RTC retention, and decouple VDD/VSSA/VDDA/VREF+ with 100 nF capacitors within 1-2 mm of each pin pair. Use the ST-LINK/V2 programmer and STM32CubeMX for clock-tree and pin initialization; the HAL/LLSE libraries are the canonical firmware starting point. Review the datasheet's absolute maximum ratings for ESD and latch-up before finalizing PCB layout.
This page synthesizes distributor pricing, drop-in LQFP-100 alternatives, and practical design notes not found on a single ST datasheet page, accelerating component selection for engineers building real-time Ethernet/USB embedded systems.
Bộ thay thế dễ dàng lắp đặt cho STM32F427VGT6 — cùng gói, chân-to-chân tương thích. Các bộ phận yêu cầu hàn PCB bị loại trừ.
Các biến thể trong loạt này
Các mẫu cùng loạt có thể lắp đặt dễ dàng tương thích với STM32F427VGT6 (cùng hình factor và footprint) — khác nhau ở Package, Timers, Operating Temperature, Communication Interfaces, SRAM.
STM32F437VGT6
✅ Drop-In📋 Tham chiếu thay thế (không có trong danh mục)
STM32F429VGT6
✅ Drop-InLiên hệ để biết giá
Xem tài liệu →STM32F405VGT6
✅ Drop-InLiên hệ để biết giá
Xem tài liệu →STM32F415VGT6
✅ Drop-InLiên hệ để biết giá
Xem tài liệu →STM32F427IIT6
✅ Drop-InLiên hệ để biết giá
Xem tài liệu →STM32F427VGT6 Tỷ lệ tối đa & tính chất điện
| Core Architecture | ARM 32-bit Cortex-M4 with FPU and DSP |
| Tần số xung maksimum | 180 MHz |
| Performance | 225 DMIPS / 1.25 DMIPS/MHz (Dhrystone 2.1) |
| Program Flash Memory | 1 MB (1M x 8) |
| SRAM | 256 KB (192 KB + 64 KB CCM) |
| Operating Voltage | 1.8 V to 3.6 V |
| Supply Voltage (VDD/VDDA) | 2.0 V to 3.6 V (full performance); 1.8 V min |
| Hộp | 100-pin LQFP (14x14 mm) |
| Khoảng nhiệt độ hoạt động | -40C to +85C (grade 6) |
| ART Accelerator | Yes - 0-wait-state Flash execution |
| ADC | 3 x 12-bit, 2.4 MSPS |
| DAC | 2 x 12-bit |
| Timers | Up to 17 (including 32-bit) |
| Communication Interfaces | USB OTG FS + HS PHY, 2x CAN 2.0B, Ethernet MAC, 6x USART/UART, 3x SPI, 4x I2C, 2x I2S, SDIO |
| Cryptography | AES 128/256, SHA-1/SHA-2, TRNG, hash |
| Display Controller | LCD-TFT (F427 line) |
| GPIO | Up to 114 (82 in LQFP-100) |
| Kiểu lắp đặt | Surface Mount |
| Cấp MSL | 3 (JEDEC J-STD-020) |
| Trạng thái RoHS | Compliant |
Cấu hình chân STM32F427VGT6
| Chân 1 | PE2 — GPIO PE2 / TRACECLK / SPI4_SCK / FSMC_A23 |
| Chân 2 | PE3 — GPIO PE3 / TRACED0 / FSMC_A19 |
| Chân 3 | PE4 — GPIO PE4 / TRACED1 / SPI4_NSS / FSMC_A20 |
| Chân 4 | PE5 — GPIO PE5 / TRACED2 / TIM9_CH1 / SPI4_MISO / FSMC_A21 |
| Chân 5 | PE6 — GPIO PE6 / TRACED3 / TIM9_CH2 / SPI4_MOSI / FSMC_A22 |
| Chân 6 | VBAT — Battery backup domain supply |
| Chân 7 | PC13 — GPIO PC13 / RTC_TAMP1 / RTC_OUT |
| Chân 8 | PC14 — GPIO PC14 / OSC32_IN |
| Chân 9 | PC15 — GPIO PC15 / OSC32_OUT |
| Chân 10 | VSS — Ground |
| Chân 11 | VDD — Digital supply |
| Chân 12 | PH0 — GPIO PH0 / OSC_IN |
| Chân 13 | PH1 — GPIO PH1 / OSC_OUT |
| Chân 14 | NRST — Reset (active low) |
| Chân 15 | PC0 — GPIO PC0 / ADC123_IN10 |
| Chân 16 | PC1 — GPIO PC1 / ADC123_IN11 |
| Chân 17 | PC2 — GPIO PC2 / ADC123_IN12 |
| Chân 18 | PC3 — GPIO PC3 / ADC123_IN13 |
| Chân 19 | VSSA — Analog ground |
| Chân 20 | VREF+ — ADC reference positive |
| Chân 21 | VDDA — Analog supply |
| Chân 22 | PA0 — GPIO PA0 / WKUP / UART4_TX / ADC123_IN0 |
| Chân 23 | PA1 — GPIO PA1 / UART4_RX / ADC123_IN1 |
| Chân 24 | PA2 — GPIO PA2 / USART2_TX / ADC123_IN2 |
| Chân 25 | PA3 — GPIO PA3 / USART2_RX / ADC123_IN3 |
| Chân 26 | VSS — Ground |
| Chân 27 | VDD — Digital supply |
| Chân 28 | PA4 — GPIO PA4 / SPI1_NSS / USART2_CK / ADC12_IN4 / DAC_OUT1 |
| Chân 29 | PA5 — GPIO PA5 / SPI1_SCK / ADC12_IN5 / DAC_OUT2 |
| Chân 30 | PA6 — GPIO PA6 / SPI1_MISO / TIM13_CH1 / ADC12_IN6 |
| Chân 31 | PA7 — GPIO PA7 / SPI1_MOSI / TIM14_CH1 / ADC12_IN7 |
| Chân 32 | PC4 — GPIO PC4 / ETH_RMII_RX_D0 |
| Chân 33 | PC5 — GPIO PC5 / ETH_RMII_RX_D1 |
| Chân 34 | PB0 — GPIO PB0 / TIM3_CH3 / ADC12_IN8 |
| Chân 35 | PB1 — GPIO PB1 / TIM3_CH4 / ADC12_IN9 |
| Chân 36 | PB2 — GPIO PB2 / BOOT1 |
| Chân 37 | PE7 — GPIO PE7 / FSMC_D4 / TIM1_ETR |
| Chân 38 | PE8 — GPIO PE8 / FSMC_D5 / TIM1_CH1N |
| Chân 39 | PE9 — GPIO PE9 / FSMC_D6 / TIM1_CH1 |
| Chân 40 | PE10 — GPIO PE10 / FSMC_D7 / TIM1_CH2N |
| Chân 41 | PE11 — GPIO PE11 / FSMC_D8 / TIM1_CH2 |
| Chân 42 | PE12 — GPIO PE12 / FSMC_D9 / TIM1_CH3N |
| Chân 43 | PE13 — GPIO PE13 / FSMC_D10 / TIM1_CH3 |
| Chân 44 | PE14 — GPIO PE14 / FSMC_D11 / TIM1_CH4 |
| Chân 45 | PE15 — GPIO PE15 / FSMC_D12 / TIM1_BKIN |
| Chân 46 | PB10 — GPIO PB10 / I2C2_SCL / USART3_TX / ETH_MII_RX_ER |
| Chân 47 | PB11 — GPIO PB11 / I2C2_SDA / USART3_RX / ETH_MII_TX_EN |
| Chân 48 | VCAP_1 — Internal voltage regulator bypass (1.2V) |
| Chân 49 | VDD — Digital supply |
| Chân 50 | PB12 — GPIO PB12 / SPI2_NSS / I2S2_WS / CAN2_RX / OTG_HS_ID |
| Chân 51 | PB13 — GPIO PB13 / SPI2_SCK / I2S2_CK / CAN2_TX / OTG_HS_VBUS |
| Chân 52 | PB14 — GPIO PB14 / SPI2_MISO / TIM12_CH1 / OTG_HS_DM |
| Chân 53 | PB15 — GPIO PB15 / SPI2_MOSI / TIM12_CH2 / OTG_HS_DP |
| Chân 54 | PD8 — GPIO PD8 / FSMC_D13 / USART3_TX |
| Chân 55 | PD9 — GPIO PD9 / FSMC_D14 / USART3_RX |
| Chân 56 | PD10 — GPIO PD10 / FSMC_D15 |
| Chân 57 | PD11 — GPIO PD11 / FSMC_A16 |
| Chân 58 | PD12 — GPIO PD12 / FSMC_A17 / TIM4_CH1 |
| Chân 59 | PD13 — GPIO PD13 / FSMC_A18 / TIM4_CH2 |
| Chân 60 | VSS — Ground |
| Chân 61 | VDD — Digital supply |
| Chân 62 | PD14 — GPIO PD14 / FSMC_D0 / TIM4_CH3 |
| Chân 63 | PD15 — GPIO PD15 / FSMC_D1 / TIM4_CH4 |
| Chân 64 | PC6 — GPIO PC6 / USART6_TX / TIM8_CH1 / SDIO_D6 |
| Chân 65 | PC7 — GPIO PC7 / USART6_RX / TIM8_CH2 / SDIO_D7 |
| Chân 66 | PC8 — GPIO PC8 / USART6_CK / TIM8_CH3 / SDIO_D0 |
| Chân 67 | PC9 — GPIO PC9 / I2C3_SDA / TIM8_CH4 / SDIO_D1 |
| Chân 68 | PA8 — GPIO PA8 / USART1_CK / TIM1_CH1 / OTG_FS_SOF / MCO1 |
| Chân 69 | PA9 — GPIO PA9 / USART1_TX / TIM1_CH2 / OTG_FS_VBUS |
| Chân 70 | PA10 — GPIO PA10 / USART1_RX / TIM1_CH3 / OTG_FS_ID |
| Chân 71 | PA11 — GPIO PA11 / USART1_CTS / CAN1_RX / TIM1_CH4 / OTG_FS_DM |
| Chân 72 | PA12 — GPIO PA12 / USART1_RTS / CAN1_TX / TIM1_ETR / OTG_FS_DP |
| Chân 73 | PA13 — GPIO PA13 / JTMS / SWDIO |
| Chân 74 | VCAP_2 — Internal voltage regulator bypass (1.2V) |
| Chân 75 | VSS — Ground |
| Chân 76 | VDD — Digital supply |
| Chân 77 | PA14 — GPIO PA14 / JTCK / SWCLK |
| Chân 78 | PA15 — GPIO PA15 / JTDI / SPI3_NSS / I2S3_WS / TIM2_CH1_ETR |
| Chân 79 | PC10 — GPIO PC10 / SPI3_SCK / I2S3_CK / UART4_TX / SDIO_D2 |
| Chân 80 | PC11 — GPIO PC11 / SPI3_MISO / UART4_RX / SDIO_D3 |
| Chân 81 | PC12 — GPIO PC12 / SPI3_MOSI / UART5_TX / SDIO_CK |
| Chân 82 | PD0 — GPIO PD0 / FSMC_D2 / CAN1_RX |
| Chân 83 | PD1 — GPIO PD1 / FSMC_D3 / CAN1_TX |
| Chân 84 | PD2 — GPIO PD2 / TIM3_ETR / UART5_RX / SDIO_CMD |
| Chân 85 | PD3 — GPIO PD3 / FSMC_CLK |
| Chân 86 | PD4 — GPIO PD4 / FSMC_NOE |
| Chân 87 | PD5 — GPIO PD5 / FSMC_NWE |
| Chân 88 | PD6 — GPIO PD6 / FSMC_NWAIT |
| Chân 89 | PD7 — GPIO PD7 / FSMC_NE1 / FSMC_NCE2 |
| Chân 90 | PB3 — GPIO PB3 / JTDO / TRACESWO / SPI3_SCK / I2S3_CK / TIM2_CH2 |
| Chân 91 | PB4 — GPIO PB4 / NJTRST / SPI3_MISO / TIM3_CH1 |
| Chân 92 | PB5 — GPIO PB5 / I2C1_SMBAI / SPI3_MOSI / TIM3_CH2 |
| Chân 93 | PB6 — GPIO PB6 / I2C1_SCL / TIM4_CH1 / USART1_TX |
| Chân 94 | PB7 — GPIO PB7 / I2C1_SDA / TIM4_CH2 / USART1_RX |
| Chân 95 | BOOT0 — Boot mode select |
| Chân 96 | PB8 — GPIO PB8 / TIM4_CH3 / I2C1_SCL / CAN1_RX / ETH_MII_TXD3 |
| Chân 97 | PB9 — GPIO PB9 / TIM4_CH4 / I2C1_SDA / CAN1_TX / I2S2_WS |
| Chân 98 | PE0 — GPIO PE0 / TIM4_ETR / FSMC_NBL0 |
| Chân 99 | PE1 — GPIO PE1 / FSMC_NBL1 |
| Chân 100 | VSS — Ground |
Ứng dụng tiêu biểu
STM32F427VGT6 phù hợp cho 7 Áp dụngs: Industrial Motor Control and FOC Drives, HMI / Graphical Touch Terminals, Building Automation and Security Panels, Medical Patient Monitors, Smart Energy Metering and Grid Edge, Point-of-Sale (POS) Terminals, Audio/Video Consumer Appliances.
Industrial Motor Control and FOC Drives
The STM32F427VGT6 is widely deployed in industrial FOC (field-oriented-control) drives for PMSM and BLDC motors. Its 180 MHz Cortex-M4F core with single-precision FPU executes the Park/Clarke transforms and SVM modulation in microseconds, and three 2.4 MSPS 12-bit ADCs sample phase currents and DC-bus voltage with sub-microsecond latency. Advanced timers (TIM1/TIM8) generate complementary 3-phase PWM with hardware dead-time insertion and break inputs for overcurrent protection. The 256 KB SRAM buffers real-time speed/torque loops without external memory, while the Ethernet MAC and dual CAN 2.0B interface the drive to factory networks (EtherCAT, CANopen). Industrial temperature grade (-40C to +85C) supports factory-floor enclosures.
Được đề xuất
HMI / Graphical Touch Terminals
The STM32F427VGT6's on-chip LCD-TFT controller drives RGB panels up to SVGA resolution without an external graphics controller, making it ideal for industrial HMI touch terminals and POS displays. The Cortex-M4F core plus DMA2D-equivalent fill/blit in software renders menus and widgets responsively, while the USB OTG HS port connects capacitive touch controllers and firmware update paths. The 1 MB Flash holds rich UI assets, and the 256 KB SRAM provides double-buffered framebuffers for tear-free graphics. Ethernet MAC enables remote HMI dashboards, and SDIO supports external asset storage for fonts and icons.
Được đề xuất
Building Automation and Security Panels
Building automation controllers leverage the STM32F427VGT6's Ethernet MAC for BACnet/Modbus TCP connectivity and dual CAN 2.0B for HVAC bus networks. The crypto accelerators accelerate TLS handshakes for secure remote management, while the RTC with VBAT domain retains time and 32 backup registers across power outages. The 12-bit ADC reads analog sensor inputs (temperature, CO2, occupancy) and the 12-bit DACs generate 0-10V control outputs for damper actuators. Multiple USART ports bridge to RS-485 subnets for legacy field devices, and SDIO supports local log storage for alarm history.
Được đề xuất
Medical Patient Monitors
The STM32F427VGT6 is suitable for medical patient monitoring equipment where 180 MHz DSP performance enables real-time ECG/EEG/SPO2 signal processing on-board. Its three 12-bit ADCs simultaneously sample multi-lead ECG waveforms at clinical sampling rates, while the FPU executes digital filters (IIR/FIR) for 50/60 Hz mains rejection and baseline drift removal. USB OTG HS streams processed data to a host PC, and Ethernet MAC connects to hospital EMR networks. The -40C to +85C temperature range supports operating-room environments, and the 256 KB SRAM holds waveform buffers without external memory.
Được đề xuất
Smart Energy Metering and Grid Edge
Smart energy meters and grid-edge monitoring equipment leverage the STM32F427VGT6's combination of 12-bit ADC accuracy, AES hardware encryption, and Ethernet connectivity. Class-0.2 metering accuracy is attainable using the on-chip 12-bit ADC with proper analog front-end conditioning for current transformers and shunt resistors. The crypto block (AES-128/256) secures DLMS/COSEM protocol payloads per IEC 62056, while the RTC with calibration supports 0.5 s/day accuracy over industrial temperatures. The LCD-TFT controller drives segmented or dot-matrix UI displays for consumption readouts and tariff information.
Được đề xuất
Point-of-Sale (POS) Terminals
POS terminals benefit from the STM32F427VGT6's USB OTG HS PHY for direct connection to payment peripherals, Ethernet MAC for IP-based transaction routing, and LCD-TFT controller for customer-facing displays. The crypto hardware accelerates EMV chip-card authentication (AES/DES), while the SDIO controller interfaces to a microSD card slot for transaction logging and firmware updates. The 180 MHz Cortex-M4F core runs the EMV L2 stack and cryptographic operations responsively, and the 256 KB SRAM handles TCP/IP socket buffers for cloud transaction authorization.
Được đề xuất
Audio/Video Consumer Appliances
The STM32F427VGT6 fits networked audio/video appliances such as multiroom amplifiers, smart speakers, and video doorbells. The I2S interfaces connect to Class-D amplifier codecs and MEMS microphones, while the Ethernet MAC streams audio over Dante/AirPlay-like protocols. The USB OTG HS PHY accepts direct firmware updates and debug logging, and the LCD-TFT controller drives 3-5 inch status displays. The ART Accelerator executes audio DSP (EQ, dynamics, crossovers) at 180 MHz with low latency, while the 256 KB SRAM holds circular audio buffers for glitch-free playback.
Được đề xuất
Tóm tắt các sản phẩm được đề xuất
Dữ liệu tham khảo kỹ thuật cho STM32F427VGT6 — so sánh, hướng dẫn thiết kế và thông tin tuân thủ.
Hướng dẫn chọn lựa
So sánh với các sản phẩm thay thế
| Tham số | Sản phẩm này | STM32F437VGT6 | STM32F429VGT6 | STM32F405VGT6 | STM32F415VGT6 | STM32F427IIT6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brand | STMicroelectronics | STMicroelectronics | STMicroelectronics | STMicroelectronics | STMicroelectronics | STMicroelectronics |
| Package | LQFP-100 (14x14) | LQFP-100 (14x14) - same | LQFP-100 (14x14) - same | LQFP-100 (14x14) - same | LQFP-100 (14x14) - same | LQFP-176 - same die, different package |
| Core | Cortex-M4F 180 MHz | Cortex-M4F 180 MHz | Cortex-M4F 180 MHz | Cortex-M4F 168 MHz | Cortex-M4F 168 MHz | Cortex-M4F 180 MHz |
| Flash | 1 MB | 1 MB | 1 MB | 1 MB | 1 MB | 2 MB |
| SRAM | 256 KB (192+64 CCM) | 256 KB | 256 KB | 192 KB + 4 KB BKPSRAM | 192 KB + 4 KB BKPSRAM | 256 KB + 4 KB BKPSRAM |
| Ethernet MAC | Yes (MII/RMII) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| USB OTG HS PHY | Yes (on-chip) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| LCD-TFT Controller | Yes | Yes | Yes (with DMA2D) | No | No | Yes |
| Crypto Hardware (AES/SHA) | AES-128/256, SHA-1/2, TRNG | AES-128/256, SHA-1/2, TRNG, SFI | AES-128/256, SHA-1/2, TRNG | AES-128/256, SHA-1/2, hash | AES-128/256, SHA-1/2, hash | AES-128/256, SHA-1/2, TRNG |
| Operating Temperature | -40C to +85C | -40C to +85C | -40C to +85C | -40C to +85C | -40C to +85C | -40C to +85C |
| Approx Unit Price (qty 1) | $17.18 | $18.50 (est) | $18.20 (est) | $12.50 (est) | $13.50 (est) | $22.00 (est) |
Bảo phân biệt quan trọng
- On-chip LCD-TFT controller absent on F405/R415 (vsSTM32F405VGT6)
- Higher 180 MHz vs F405/R415 168 MHz core speed (vsSTM32F405VGT6)
- TRNG (true random number generator) for crypto-grade entropy (vsSTM32F405VGT6)
- Up to 256 KB SRAM with 64 KB CCM for time-critical data (vsSTM32F405VGT6)
Ghi chú thiết kế
Decouple VDD/VDDA with 100 nF X7R ceramic placed within 1-2 mm of each supply pin pair. The internal voltage regulator requires VCAP_1 (pin 48) and VCAP_2 (pin 74) to each have a 2.2 uF low-ESR ceramic (X5R/X7R) bypass; inadequate capacitance causes core voltage instability and brown-out resets under heavy DMA/CPU load. Tie VBAT to a coin cell or main VDD depending on RTC retention needs.
Route HSE 8 MHz and LSE 32.768 kHz crystal traces as short as possible (under 5 mm), guard them with a ground GND on the opposite PCB layer, and place load capacitors within 1 mm of the OSC_IN/OSC_OUT pins. For USB OTG HS, keep the DPOT/HDDM differential pair matched within 2 mm and 90 ohm differential impedance, and place the on-chip PHY reference resistor (RREF = 12.4 kohm 1%) within 5 mm of DPOT_HS_REXT pin.
Estimated: At 180 MHz with all peripherals enabled, the STM32F427VGT6 draws approximately 90 mA from VDD at 3.3V (about 300 mW). With LQFP-100 theta_JA of approximately 50 C/W on a 4-layer JEDEC JESD51-7 board, junction temperature rises 15C above ambient at 25 C room temperature - well within the 85 C industrial limit. For sealed enclosures, derate by 0.7 mW/C above 50 C ambient.
Do not leave BOOT0 floating - it must be tied to VSS for normal Flash boot, or to VDD for system memory bootloader. Missing the JTAG/SWD pull-down on NJTRST (PB4) can lock the debug port in reset during software-controlled debug multiplexing. The ART Accelerator requires Flash wait states configured via the FLASH->ACR register before raising the core above 30 MHz; failing this causes silent instruction-fetch errors.
Thông tin tuân thủ
RoHS and REACH compliant per ST product page. Not AEC-Q100 qualified - choose STM32F427VGT6 grade-7 (-40 to +105 C) or grade-3 (-40 to +125 C) variants for harsh-environment applications. Lead-free reflow profile per JEDEC J-STD-020 MSL3.
